DRD4 Gene Polymorphisms as a Risk Factor for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Iranian Population

Background and Objective. Dopamine dysfunction is known to be associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is one of the important genes in this pathway. This study intended to investigate the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene in Iranian children and adolescents. Materials and Methods. In this study, 130 children with ADHD, aged 6–14 years, and 130 healthy children, within the same age range, were enrolled. All children were selected from northwest of Iran which have Caucasian ethnic background and are of a Turkic ethnic group. VNTR polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene were evaluated by PCR using exon 3-specific primers followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Findings. The Hardy-Weinberg principle and Chi-square test showed a significant difference in 4-repetition (4R) alleles between the ADHD (76.2%) and control (53.8%) groups (p=0.004; X2=17.39; df=5). The least percentage of repetition alleles in both groups was 2R. Conclusion. There is a significant correlation between the 4R alleles of DRD4 and ADHD in the northwest of Iran.

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Determining the association between polymorphisms of the DAT1 and DRD4 genes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from Java Island

Neurology International ◽

10.4081/ni.2020.8292 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cempaka Thursina ◽

Dian Kesumapramudya Nurputra ◽

Indra Sari Kusuma Harahap ◽

Nur Imma Fatimah Harahap ◽

Nihayatus Sa’adah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Genotype Distribution ◽

Drd4 Gene ◽

Normal Children ◽

Repeat Allele ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Vntr Polymorphism ◽

Dat1 Gene ◽

Significant Difference

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobehavioural in the children. Genetic factor is known one of the factors which contributed in ADHD development. VNTR polymorphism in 3’UTR exon 15 of DAT1 gene and exon 3 of DRD4 gene are reported to be associated in ADHD. In this study we examine the association of ADHD with VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 and DRD4 gene in Indonesian children. Sixty-five ADHD children and 70 normal children (6- 13 years of age), were included in the study, we matched by age and gender. ADHD was diagnosed by DSM-IV. We performed a casecontrol study to found the association between ADHD and VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 and DRD4 genes. The 10-repeat allele of DAT1 and 2-repeat allele of DRD4 were higher in Indonesian children. Although the frequency of these allele was higher, but it was similar both in ADHD and control groups. Neither DAT1 nor DRD4 gene showed showed significant difference in genotype distribution and frequency allele between both groups (p > 0.05). No association between ADHD and VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 and DRD4 genes found in Indonesian children. This data suggest that DAT1 and DRD4 do not contribute to etiology of ADHD in Indonesian children. Further studies are needed to clarify association between VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 and DRD4 genetic with ADHD of Indonesian children in larger sample size and family based study.

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Impaired Interparental Relationships in Families of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000354 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 227 (1) ◽

pp. 31-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lena Weyers ◽

Martina Zemp ◽

Georg W. Alpers

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Family Relationships ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Oppositional Defiant ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract. Research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents has traditionally focused on the genetic and neurobiological aspects of the disorder, but the role of family relationships has been much less systematically examined. There is growing evidence that the quality of interparental relationships and a child’s ADHD symptoms are reciprocally related. Because the literature appears to be inconsistent, this meta-analysis aims to summarize previous research and assess whether there are robust differences in the quality of interparental relationships between parents of children with ADHD and parents of healthy children. This meta-analysis of 15 studies with 43 effect sizes revealed a small but significant difference ( d = .24), which indicates that parents of a child with ADHD report poorer relationship quality than parents of healthy children. This effect was moderated by the child’s age and did not depend on whether the child had a comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD). The causality of this relationship has yet to be determined.

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Caries Experience Associated with Attention – Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.30.1.d3n7k5147r3ru571 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Michael Todd Grooms ◽

Martha Ann Keels ◽

Michael Roberts ◽

F. Thomas McIver

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Control Group ◽

Daily Routine ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Significant Difference

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had a total caries experience that was equivalent to children without the disorder. Methods: The test sample included children ages 6 to 10 years old diagnosed with ADHD by physicians at Duke University Medical Center. The control group also included healthy children 6 to 10 years old without the diagnosis of ADHD.A visual dental exam for caries was performed and a sample of whole, unstimulated saliva was collected. The parent / guardian of each participant completed a health/medication history and a questionnaire concerning the child's oral health and habits, daily routine, and demographic information. Results: Wilcoxon and chi-square tests showed that children with ADHD have significantly more enamel caries in the primary and permanent dentitions and a significantly higher prevalence of total caries experience when compared to controls. There was no significant difference in whole saliva production between the ADHD children and the controls. Conclusions: Dentists should be aware that children with ADHD are at higher risk for caries.

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Association between DRD4 rs1800955 polymorphism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder susceptibility among children from Northwest of Iran: a case-control study

Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences ◽

10.34172/mj.2021.052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 260-266

Author(s):

Nava Khalilinejad ◽

Leila Mehdizadeh Fanid ◽

Narges Zeinalzadeh ◽

Maedeh Alizadeh

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Adhd Children ◽

Northwest Of Iran ◽

Control Study

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common and highly heritable psychiatric disorder among children which affects 3-7% of them all around the world. ADHD characterized by some symptoms such as extreme and inappropriate levels of motor activity, impulsivity and inattentiveness. Several studies have reported the association between dopaminergic pathway and ADHD. Dopamine D4 receptor gene and its variants is one of the major candidates that have been studied for ADHD. Here we investigated the genetic association between DRD4 rs1800955 polymorphism and ADHD among children from Northwest of Iran. Methods: This case-control study includes 200 ADHD children and 157 controls aged 6-12 years. ADHD children were diagnosed according to DSM-IV and Conners scale and were genotyped by PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. Results: Frequencies of genotypes CC, TT and CT were 48 (24%), 15 (7.5%) and 137 (68.5%) in patient group and 50 (31.85% %), 7 (4.46%) and 100 (63.69 %) in control group respectively. According to results, there was no significant association between case and control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is no significant association between DRD4 rs1800955 polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children from Northwest of Iran.

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The effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on children brushing habits, plaque index, and caries indices in children

International Dental Research ◽

10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.no2.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 109-113

Author(s):

Berna Kuter ◽

Burcu Kanmaz

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Oral Care ◽

Index Patient ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Primary Tooth ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on children's caries indices, plaque scores, and brushing habits in children aged 5-17 years. Methodology: A total of 100 children (39 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 61 healthy children) were included in the study. The plaque index, decay-missed-filled primary tooth (dmf-t) index, and decay-missed-filled permanent tooth (DMF-T) index values were evaluated by clinical examination. The plaque was evaluated using the Silness and Loe Plaque Index. Patient forms were examined to evaluate brushing habits. Results: When the survey data was examined, the number of healthy children who brushed their teeth was higher than that of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (p<0.05). The dental visit and dental treatment rates were similar in both groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of plaque index and dmf-t and DMF-T scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were observed to neglect oral care routines more than their healthy counterparts; however, this did not affect plaque and caries index values. How to cite this article: Kuter B, Kanmaz B. The effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on children brushing habits, plaque index and caries indices in children. Int Dent Res 2021;11(2):109-13. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.no1.8 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

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Mainstream and Remedial School Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Boys: More Alike than Different

South African Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1177/008124630503500105 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 73-88

Author(s):

J. B. Savitz ◽

P. Jansen

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Executive Deficits ◽

Mainstream School ◽

The Difference ◽

Neuropsychological Tasks

The literature on the neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is plagued by inconsistent findings, which are usually attributed to a variety of extraneous variables. One of the most inadequately explored of these variables is the difference between ADHD children attending remedial and mainstream schools. This study aimed to investigate whether the performance of remedial and mainstream school ADHD boys differs on relevant neuropsychological tasks. The sample consisted of three groups of 8- to 12-year-old boys. Two of these groups consisted of children with ADHD: one from remedial schools and one from mainstream schools. The third group was made up of participants without ADHD, who attended mainstream schools. The performance of the remedial school learners on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks was investigated and compared to a mainstream school ADHD sample. The performance of the ADHD group as a whole was compared with that of a control group. No significant difference in performance was found between the two ADHD groups, except for the length of time taken to read words in the control condition of the Stroop. The control group out-performed the ADHD samples on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks. The findings suggest that mainstream and remedial ADHD boys do not differ in the severity of their executive deficits, but that boys with ADHD attending remedial schools may be more likely to have another learning disorder than their counterparts at mainstream schools.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Creativity, and the Effects of Methylphenidate

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.91.4.816 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

pp. 816-819

Author(s):

Jeanne B. Funk ◽

John B. Chessare ◽

Michael T. Weaver ◽

Anita R. Exley

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Creative Thinking ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

The Difference ◽

Clinically Significant

Given that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more impulsive than peers, this study explored whether they are correspondingly more creative, and whether creativity declines when impulsivity is decreased through methylphenidate (Ritalin) therapy. A repeated-measures quasi-experimental design was used to compare the performance of 19 boys with previously diagnosed ADHD and 21 comparison boys aged 8 through 11 on two administrations of alternate forms of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking-Figural (nonverbal). Boys with ADHD received prescribed methylphenidate only for the first session. Overall, mean Torrance summary scores for comparison boys (mean = 115.1, SD = 16.1) were higher than for boys with ADHD (mean = 107.6, SD = 12.7). However, the difference between means was small (7%) and did not meet the 25% criterion for a clinically significant difference. No changes in performance over time (comparison group) or medication state (ADHD group) were observed. These data suggest that, when measured nonverbally, the creative thinking performance of boys with ADHD is not superior to that of peers who do not have ADHD. Regarding the effects of methylphenidate, prescribed therapy did not influence performance on this measure of creative thinking.

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The effect of methylphenidate-OROS® on the narrative ability of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

South African Journal of Communication Disorders ◽

10.4102/sajcd.v64i1.180 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tessa L. Rausch ◽

Diane L. Kendall ◽

Sara T. Kover ◽

Elizabeth M. Louw ◽

Ursula L. Zsilavecz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Stimulant Medication ◽

Full Potential ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Cascading Effects ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Narrative Ability

Background and objective: Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience difficulty with expressive language, including form (e.g. grammatical construction) and content (e.g. coherence). The current study aimed to investigate the effect of methylphenidate-Osmotic Release Oral System® (MPH-OROS®) on the narrative ability of children with ADHD and language impairment, through the analysis of microstructure and macrostructure narrative elements.Method: In a single group off–on medication test design, narratives were obtained from 12 children with ADHD, aged 7–13 years, using wordless picture books. For microstructure, number of words, type–token ratio and mean length of utterance were derived from narrative samples using Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts conventions. For macrostructure, the narratives were coded according to the Narrative Scoring Scheme, which includes seven narrative characteristics, as well as a composite score reflecting the child’s overall narrative ability.Results: The administration of MPH-OROS® resulted in a significant difference in certain aspects of language macrostructure: cohesion and overall narrative ability. Little effect was noted in microstructure elements.Conclusion: We observed a positive effect of stimulant medication on the macrostructure, but not on the microstructure, of narrative production. Although stimulant medication improves attention and concentration, it does not improve all aspects of language abilities in children with ADHD. Language difficulties associated with ADHD related to language content and use may be more responsive to stimulant medication than language form, which is likely to be affected by cascading effects of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity beginning very early in life and to progress over a more protracted period. Therefore, a combination of treatments is advocated to ensure that children with ADHD are successful in reaching their full potential.

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