Response to: Comment on “Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetic Lower Limb Amputation: A Clinic-Based Case Control Study”

Background and Objective: Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common rheumatologic problems. To investigate risk factors related to the knee osteoarthritis a case-control study was performed using cases diagnosed in the Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD) study, stage I. Methods: Using data from the 2012 COPCORD study, stage-I that was conducted in Sanandaj, northwestern of Iran, we runned a case-control study in 2014-2015. Cases were 700 knee osteoarthritis using American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, frequency matched with 700 healthy controls that were randomly selected from the general population. Results: In multivariate analysis, statistical significant relation was observed between knee OA and some studied factors such as body mass index (P <0.001), lodging (living in highland vs. plain) (P <0.001), type of used toilet (regular vs. toilet) (P <0.001), history of using high-heeled shoes (>3 cm) (P = 0.005), history of knee Injury (P = 0.04), history of lower limb fracture (P = 0.02), Number of pregnancies (P <0.001) and history of pain and swelling (lasting for one months) (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Living in highland area, using regular toilet, having knee injury and lower limb fracture in the past were most significant associated factors with occurrence of knee osteoarthritis. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.3.277 How to cite this:Moghimi N, Rahmani K, Delpisheh A, Saidi A, Azadi NA, Afkhamzadeh A. Risk factors of knee osteoarthritis: A case-control study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.3.277 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Malignancy on Outcomes Following Revascularization for Critical Limb Ischemia: A Case–Control Study

Vascular and Endovascular Surgery ◽

10.1177/1538574418764055 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 325-329

Author(s):

Tom Calderbank ◽

Ahmed Karim ◽

Mike Wall ◽

Arooj Syed ◽

Robert S. M. Davies ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Limb Ischemia ◽

Case Control ◽

Limb Amputation ◽

Prospective Data ◽

Using Data ◽

Nested Case Control ◽

Control Study ◽

Prospective Analyses

Aim: Malignancy is common in patients presenting with critical lower limb ischemia (CLI). However, outcomes in patients with concomitant active malignancy and CLI have not been well defined in comparative prospective analyses. Using contemporary prospective data, we aimed to assess outcomes following revascularization in patients with CLI and active malignancy. Methods: A nested case–control study was performed using data from 2 tertiary referral centers for vascular disease. A total of 48 consecutive patients undergoing intervention for CLI who had a diagnosis of active malignancy were identified and matched to patients with CLI but no malignancy for age, sex, diabetes, and smoking. Patency rates and morbidity/mortality were assessed using duplex ultrasonography and regular clinical review. Results: A total of 48 consecutive patients (median age: 74.5 years; interquartile range: 68-80 years) with active malignancy and CLI were identified and case-matched (age, sex, diabetes, and smoking) to 48 patients undergoing intervention for CLI who had no malignancy. Major cardiovascular risk factors did not differ. All-cause mortality was 23% versus 12% ( P = .41) at 6 months and 54% versus 15% ( P < .001) at 12 months. None of the patients died due to complications relating directly to the lower limb intervention or within 30 days of the intervention. A total of 4 (8.3%) patients had required a major limb amputation at 6 months in both groups, compared with 5 (10.4%) patients with malignancy versus 4 (8.3%) patients without ( P = .73) at 12 months. Patency rates were similar at 12 months (73% vs 80%). Three patients had required reintervention in both groups (endovascular in all cases) at 12 months. Conclusion: Revascularization can be offered safely in selected patients with active malignancy; patency rates in those surviving to 1 year are similar to patients without malignancy.

Download Full-text

Severe lower limb cellulitis: defining the epidemiology and risk factors for primary episodes in a population-based case-control study

Clinical Microbiology and Infection ◽

10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 1089-1094 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. Cannon ◽

G. Rajakaruna ◽

J. Dyer ◽

J. Carapetis ◽

L. Manning

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Population Based ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Study

Download Full-text

Predictors for the development of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with primary lower limb deep venous thrombosis: A case–control study

Vascular ◽

10.1177/1708538116636250 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 10-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nadeem A Siddiqui ◽

Ziad Sophie ◽

Farhan Zafar ◽

Delvene Soares ◽

Iram Naz

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Venous Thrombosis ◽

Deep Venous Thrombosis ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Compression Stockings ◽

Post Thrombotic Syndrome ◽

Control Study

Introduction Post-thrombotic syndrome is a common and debilitating sequelae of lower limb deep venous thrombosis. Very little awareness is present about the risk factors and about the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of this condition. Objective The objective of this study is to identify the predictors of post-thrombotic syndrome after lower limb deep venous thrombosis. Materials and methods A case–control study was conducted on all adult patients who were admitted with lower limb deep venous thrombosis at our institution from January 2005 to June 2012. These patients were scheduled for a research clinic visit, which included informed consent, data collection, and physical examination. Patients found to have post-thrombotic syndrome served as cases and those without post-thrombotic syndrome served as controls. Villalta scoring system was used to diagnose the post-thrombotic syndrome and then to assess the severity of the condition in both the groups. Cox regression risk factor analysis was performed to identify the predictors of post-thrombotic syndrome. Results Out of the 125 patients examined, 49 were found to have post-thrombotic syndrome. Risk factors found to be significant were body mass index of more than 35 kg/m2 ( n = 13, p = 0.003), history of immobilization ( n = 19, p = 0.003), one or more hypercoagable disorders ( n = 32, p = 0.02), iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis ( n = 18, p = 0.001), complete obstruction on ultrasound ( n = 26, p = 0.016), unstable range of international normalized ratio ( n = 23, p = 0.041) and non-compliance for the use of compressions stockings ( n = 14, p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, one or more hypercoagable disorder, iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis, and non-compliance to the use of compression stockings were found to be independent risk factors for the development of post-thrombotic syndrome. Conclusion One or more hypercoagable disorders, iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis and non-compliance to the use of compression stockings were independent predictors of post-thrombotic syndrome after deep venous thrombosis. These findings will help prognosticate and prevent development of PTS in similar patient populations.

Download Full-text

Epidemiological, life style, and occupational factors associated with lower limb varicose veins: a case control study

Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association ◽

10.1186/s42506-021-00075-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shahira Elamrawy ◽

Iman Darwish ◽

Sameh Moustafa ◽

Noha Elshaer ◽

Nesma Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Life Style ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Varicose Veins ◽

Case Control ◽

Occupational Factors ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Egyptian Population ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background Few data were documented about risk factors for lower limb varicose veins (LLVV) among Egyptian population. Identifying modifiable risk factors is crucial to plan for prevention. The current research aims to study the epidemiological, life style, and occupational factors associated with LLVV in a sample of Egyptian population. Methods A case control study was adopted. Cases with LLVV (n = 150) were compared with controls (n = 150). Data was collected using an interview questionnaire and clinical assessment. Data was analyzed using the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results According to multivariate analysis among all participants (n = 300), the odds of LLVV was 59.8 times greater for those who frequently lift heavy objects (95% CI = 6.01, 584.36) and 6.95 times higher for those who drink < 5 cups of water/day (95% CI = 2.78, 17.33). Moreover, it was 4.27 times greater for those who infrequently/never consume fiber-rich foods (95% CI = 1.95, 9.37) and 3.65 times greater for those who stand > 4 h/day (95% CI = 1.63, 8.17). Additionally, odds of LLVV was 3.34 times greater for those who report irregular defecation habit (95% CI = 1.68, 6.60), and 2.86 times higher for those who sleep < 8 h/day (95% CI = 1.14, 7.16), and 2.53 times higher for smokers compared with ex-smokers/non-smokers (95% CI = 1.15, 5.58). In addition, a standing posture at work was an independent predictor of LLVV among ever employed participants (n = 234) in the current study (OR = 3.10; 95% CI = 1.02, 9.38). Conclusions This study highlighted seven modifiable independent predictors of LLVV mostly related to the life style, namely, frequent lifting of heavy objects, drinking < 5 cups of water/day, infrequent/no consumption of fiber-rich food, standing more than 4 h/day, irregular defecation habit, sleeping less than 8 h/day, and smoking. These findings provide a basis to design an evidence-based low-cost strategy for prevention of LLVV among Egyptian population.

Download Full-text