scholarly journals Characterization of Two Historical Postage Stamps Made from Cotton Fibers and Their Restoration Trials Based on the Experimental Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Maisa M.A. Mansour ◽  
Yassin E. Zidan ◽  
Abou El Fettouh A Abd El Hakim ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud Allam ◽  
Hayssam M. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Ultramarine Blue ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
Postage Stamps ◽  
Printing Inks

Ancient stamps are suffering from the destructive effects of different kinds of inks that were prepared from different ingredients. Two Egyptian historical postage stamps printed in blue and red printing inks were evaluated and examined for their composition using a light microscope, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopic analyses. Mechanical, chemical, and deacidification treatments were done for the two stamps. Model stamps were made from the cotton pulp in the book house to simulate historical stamp paper with an average thickness of 11 microns. The unprinted and printed paper samples with printing inks that aged and unaged were treated with 0.7% Klucel G, 0.2% TiO2 NP, or a mixture of 0.7% Klucel G + 0.2% TiO2 NP, and the color change was measured and compared with the blank samples. The two stamps are suffering from high pH, where the margin color of the stamps changed to yellow-brown with weakness of the stamp paper. By SEM examination, stamps have suffered from fibers’ weakness and dryness resulting from the self-oxidation reactions. EDS elemental composition of the red stamp showed the presence of C, O, Na, Al, Si, Mg, S, Ca, Ba, and Fe, while in the blue stamp, it was C, O, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ca. Raman spectrometer wavelengths turn out that the blueprinting ink of the stamp was characterized with spectra of ultramarine blue (lazurite), while hematite was characterized by the red stamp. FTIR analysis for the printing inks identified that gum Arabic sample and linseed oil were the binding and color medium, respectively. From the model trials, it was observed that the treatment of a mixture of Klucel G and TiO2 NP had the best properties for the consolidation of stamps. The two historical stamps were documented through different spectroscopic analyses, and from the restoration trials, it was observed that the mixture of 7% Klucel G + 0.2% TiO2 NP appeared to be a new and effective method for recovering the historical postage stamps.

Raman spectroscopic study of the photoprotection of extremophilic microbes against ultraviolet radiation

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G.M. Edwards ◽  
R. Moeller ◽  
S.E. Jorge Villar ◽  
G. Horneck ◽  
E. Stackebrandt
Keyword(s):  
Deinococcus Radiodurans ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Life Context ◽  
Wavelength Radiation ◽  
Spectroscopic Instrumentation ◽  
Natronomonas Pharaonis ◽  
Uva Radiation

Extremophiles use a range of pigments for protection against low-wavelength radiation in exposed terrestrial habitats and photoaccessory materials are synthesized for the effective harnessing of photosynthetically active radiation. Raman spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be a useful probe for information on the survival strategies employed by extremophilic bacteria through the identification of key biomolecular signatures of the suite of protective chemicals synthesized by the organisms in stressed environments. Raman spectroscopic analyses of Bacillus spp. spores, Bacillus atrophaeus (DSM 675: deep red) and Bacillus subtilis (DSM 5611: light grey and DSM 7264: dark grey), Deinococcus radiodurans (pink) and Natronomonas pharaonis (red), of visually different pigmentation showed the presence of different carotenoids and other protectant biomolecules, which assist microorganisms against UVA radiation. The implications for the survival of extremophilic microbes in extraterrestrial habitats and for the detection of the protectant biomolecules by remote, robotic Raman spectroscopic instrumentation in an astrobiological search for life context are discussed.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES UPON LYMPHOCYTES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwin M. Pappenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Injury ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Human Tonsil ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Thymus Cells ◽  
Phosphate Solutions

A simple method is presented by which, with the diffusion of trypan blue into the nucleus as a criterion of cell injury, it is possible to study quantitatively the effect of various agencies upon the small thymus cells and upon the tissue lymphocytes. Preliminary studies with this method have led us to the following conclusions, which, however, unless otherwise stated, may be taken as applying only to the lymphocytes of the rat thymus. 1. The small thymus cells, when suspended in balanced phosphate solutions, show no distinct reaction to variations in hydrogen ion concentrations ranging between Ph 7.0 and PH 7.8. Beyond PH 7.0 there is a sudden increase in the permeability of the cells to the dye; plasmolysis of the cells occurs when the alkalinity exceeds PH 8.0. 2. Heating to 49° or 50°C. is accompanied by a critical increase in the permeability of the cells to the dye. 3. The injury caused by lack of oxygen can be demonstrated by the increase in the number of stained cells. 4. The addition of serum to suspensions of thymus cells or tonsil lymphocytes greatly inhibits the diffusion of the trypan into the cells. The protection afforded is roughly proportionate to the amount of serum added. Gelatin also exerts a marked protective influence; egg albumin affords a partial protection; starch and gum arabic are inert. Hemoglobin and cholesterol do not modify the stainability of the cells. Arsenious sulfide in weak concentrations partially inhibits the diffusion of the dye. Colloidal iron is without effect, and is precipitated about the cells. 5. The toxicity of the photodynamic substance, hematoporphyrin, and of an impure chlorophyll solution in the presence of sunlight could be strikingly demonstrated by the greatly increased permeability of the cells to the stain. 6. Acute and chronic inanition produces an increased fragility of the cells. The protective power of the serum in acute starvation appears to be increased. 7. The small thymus cells of old animals are more readily injured than are those of young ones, as indicated by the increased proportion of stained cells. 8. The method has been applied to the demonstration of the action of cytotoxic immune sera for rat thymus cells and for human tonsil lymphocytes in vitro. Further experiments dealing with the question of specificity are in progress. The cytotoxins are inactivated by the addition of complement. Thermostabile cytagglutinins have also been produced.

Continuing Etching of an All-in-One Adhesive in Wet Dentin Tubules

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wang ◽  
P. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Monomer Conversion ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
Adhesive Penetration ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Self Etch ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic Analysis

Self-etch adhesives that etch and prime simultaneously are becoming more acidic. We hypothesized that the degree of acidic monomer conversion at the interface and within the tubules was high enough that the acidic reaction would be very self-limiting. Dentin surfaces prepared from extracted, unerupted human third molars were treated with Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE). The prepared teeth were stored in normal saline, and specimens retrieved at intervals ≤ 4 wks were randomly selected for light, scanning electron microscopic and micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis. Morphologic and spectroscopic analyses indicated dentin demineralization and adhesive penetration throughout the demineralized layer and tubules. Increased dentin demineralization and loss of adhesive integrity were noted after aqueous storage. The degree of monomer conversion at the interface was consistently greater than conversion within the tubules. Fluid within the tubules may inhibit monomer conversion. The acidic characteristics of this adhesive may be retained and, thus, continue to affect/demineralize the surrounding dentin.

scholarly journals Antifungal potential of three natural oils and their effects on the thermogravimetric and chromatic behaviors when applied to historical paper and various commercial paper sheets

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 492-514
Author(s):  
Maisa M. A. Mansour ◽  
Mohamed Z. M. Salem ◽  
Rushdya Rabee Ali Hassan ◽  
Hayssam M. Ali ◽  
Dunia A. Al Farraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Natural Oils ◽  
Antifungal Potential ◽  
Commercial Paper

Three natural extracted oils from Citrus reticulata peels, C. aurantifolia leaves, and Linum usitatissimum (linseeds) were used as antifungal agents against the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum. The following main compounds (determined via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) were found. The essential oil (EO) from C. aurantiifolia leaves contained limonene (22.96%), geranyl acetal (13.53%), and geraniol acetate (13.33%); the n-hexane oil from C. reticulata peels contained methyl-13-cyclopentyltridecanoate (16.74%), and D-limonene (16.06%); and linseed oil contained linoleic acid (27.36%), and oleic acid (19.01%). The inhibition of fungal growth significantly was reached 100% against A. flavus at all tested C. aurantifolia leaf EO concentrations and at a concentration of 2000 µL/mL for linseeds oil. The growth inhibition reached 100% against P. chrysogenum with C. aurantifolia leaf EO concentrations of 125-2000 µL/mL. Citrus reticulata peel EO had 100% growth inhibition of P. chrysogenum at concentrations of 2000 µL/mL and 1000 µL/mL, while linseeds oil had 100% growth inhibition at 2000 µL/mL. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that C. aurantifolia EO yielded the greatest thermal stability and color change protection to cotton pulp, while linseed oil was found to protect wood pulp-based and historical papers.

Field-Based Raman Spectroscopic Analyses of an Ordovician Stromatolite

Astrobiology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 814-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Olcott Marshall ◽  
Craig P. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses

Ovalbumin/gum arabic-stabilized emulsion: Rheology, emulsion characteristics, and Raman spectroscopic study

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuge Niu ◽  
Debao Niu ◽  
Huijun Zhang ◽  
Cuihua Chang ◽  
Luping Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Study ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic Study ◽  
Emulsion Rheology
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document