BackgroundKISIMATM platform allows the development of protein-based cancer vaccines able to induce a potent, tumor-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells response. While the cell penetrating peptide and the Anaxa portions confer, respectively, the cell delivery and self-adjuvanticity properties, the multiantigenic domain allows the targeting of different cancer antigens, resulting in anti-tumoral efficacy in different murine models.1 The first clinical candidate developed from KISIMATM is currently tested, together with anti-PD-1 blockade, in a phase I study in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Stimulator of interferon genes agonists (STINGa) were shown to induce a potent type I interferon response in preclinical studies. The intratumoral administration of STINGa, to promote tumor inflammation, was shown to result in a protective spontaneous immune response in several murine tumor models. However, the encouraging preclinical results are not supported by recent clinical data, challenging the efficacy of unspecific monotherapy.As it is more and more clear that an effective cancer immunotherapy will require the combination of different treatment strategies, we investigate here the efficacy of combining KISIMATM cancer vaccine with STINGa treatment.MethodsMice were vaccinated with subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of KISIMATM vaccine combined with s.c. administration of STINGa. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed by measuring temperature, serum cytokines and the peripheral antigen-specific response. Anti-tumoral efficacy as well as in depth monitoring of TILs and tumor microenvironment modulation were assessed following therapeutic vaccination in a HPV16 E6 and E7 expressing TC-1 cold tumor model.ResultsCombination treatment was well tolerated and promoted the development of circulating antigen-specific CD8 T cells. In TC-1 tumor bearing mice, KISIMATM therapeutic vaccination resulted in the infiltration of both antigen-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells within the tumor, as well as a switch of tumor associated macrophages polarization toward the more inflammatory type 1. Combination therapy further increased the tumor microenvironment modulation induced by KISIMATM vaccine, promoting the polarization of inflammatory Thelper 1 CD4 T cells and increasing the effector function of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. The profound modulation of the tumor microenvironment induced by combination therapy enhanced the beneficial effect of KISIMATM vaccination, resulting in a prolonged tumor control.ConclusionsCombination of KISIMATM cancer vaccine with systemic STINGa treatment induces the development of a potent, tumor-specific immune response resulting in a profound modulation of the TME. As check-point inhibitor (CPI) therapy is ineffective on poorly infiltrated tumors, combination with therapies able to highly enhance tumor infiltration by T cells could expand CPI indications.Ethics ApprovalThe study was approved by the Canton of Geneva Ethic Board, under the license number GE165/19ReferenceBelnoue E, et al. Targeting self and neo-epitopes with a modular self-adjuvanting cancer vaccine. JCI Insight 2019. 4:11.
CD4 T Cells Mediate Both Positive and Negative Regulation of the Immune Response to HIV Infection: Complex Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis
