Background
Male patients with Marfan syndrome have a higher risk of aortic events and root dilatation compared with females. The role androgens play during Marfan syndrome aneurysm development in males remains unknown. We hypothesized that androgens potentiate transforming growth factor beta induced Erk (extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase)/Smad activation, contributing to aneurysm progression in males.
Methods and Results
Aortic diameters in
Fbn1
C1039G/+
and littermate wild‐type controls were measured at ages 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks.
Fbn1
C1039G/+
males were treated with (1) flutamide (androgen receptor blocker) or (2) vehicle control from age 6 to 16 weeks and then euthanized. p‐Erk1/2, p‐Smad2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity were measured in ascending/aortic root and descending aorta specimens.
Fbn1
C1039G/+
male and female ascending/aortic root‐derived smooth muscle cells were utilized in vitro to measure Erk/Smad activation and MMP‐2 activity following dihydrotestosterone, flutamide or transforming growth factor beta 1 treatment.
Fbn1
C1039G/+
males have increased aneurysm growth. p‐Erk1/2 and p‐Smad2 were elevated in ascending/aortic root specimens at age 16 weeks. Corresponding with enhanced Erk/Smad signaling, MMP‐2 activity was higher in
Fbn1
C1039G/+
males. In vitro smooth muscle cell studies revealed that dihydrotestosterone potentiates transforming growth factor beta‐induced Erk/Smad activation and MMP‐2 activity, which is reversed by flutamide treatment. Finally, in vivo flutamide treatment reduced aneurysm growth via p‐Erk1/2 and p‐Smad2 reduction in
Fbn1
C1039G/+
males.
Conclusions
Fbn1
C1039G/+
males have enhanced aneurysm growth compared with females associated with enhanced p‐Erk1/2 and p‐Smad2 activation. Mechanistically, in vitro smooth muscle cell studies suggested that dihydrotestosterone potentiates transforming growth factor beta induced Erk/Smad activation. As biological proof of concept, flutamide treatment attenuated aneurysm growth and p‐Erk1/2 and p‐Smad2 signaling in
Fbn1
C1039G/+
males.
Density-Dependent Shift of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-1 from Inhibition to Stimulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth Is Based on Unconventional Regulation of Proliferation, Apoptosis and Contact Inhibition
