Abstract 035: Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Young Adulthood and Cognitive Functioning 25 Years Later: The CARDIA Study

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared P Reis ◽  
Catherine M Loria ◽  
Lenore J Launer ◽  
Stephen Sidney ◽  
Kiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Ideal Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Health Factors ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Learning Test

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-age is associated with later adulthood cognitive dysfunction; however, the consequences of suboptimal cardiovascular health in young adulthood are unclear. Methods: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study is a cohort of white and black men and women who were 18-30 years when a series of health behaviors (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, diet) and health factors (total cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting glucose) were measured during a baseline clinic examination in 1985-1986. Included in the current study were 2,577 participants who completed an examination 25 years later when a cognitive battery to assess psychomotor speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST]), executive function (modified Stroop Test), and verbal memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test [RAVLT]) were administered. Ideal levels for each behavior and factor were defined according to the 2020 American Heart Association Goals for Cardiovascular Health. Associations were adjusted for age, sex, race, midlife educational attainment, and study center. Results: At baseline, the percentage of participants with 0-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6-7 ideal health factors were 1.2%, 7.2%, 19.6%, 34.9%, 29.2%, and 7.8%, respectively. Adjusted mean DSST and RAVLT scores were higher among those with a greater number of ideal health factors ( Table ). Each additional factor at the ideal level was associated with a 0.78-point higher DSST score (95% CI: 0.28 to 1.28) and a 0.13-point higher memory score (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.25). Results did not differ by race or sex (p-interaction > 0.05). The ideal cardiovascular health score was not associated with performance on the Stroop Test. Conclusion: In this population-based sample, ideal cardiovascular health in young adulthood was independently associated with cognitive functioning in midlife. Table. Adjusted * mean (standard error) cognitive function scores at Year 25 by number of ideal health behaviors and factors at baseline: CARDIA (n=2,577). No. of Ideal Health Factors at Baseline (% of population) 0-1 (1.2%) 2 (7.2%) 3 (19.6%) 4 (34.9%) 5 (29.2%) 6-7 (7.8%) p-trend DSST 70.0 (2.5) 65.7 (1.0) 68.7 (0.6) 69.4 (0.5) 70.0 (0.5) 69.9 (1.0) 0.003 Stroop Test 21.5 (1.6) 21.2 (0.6) 21.0 (0.3) 20.6 (0.3) 20.6 (0.3) 20.4 (0.5) 0.14 RAVLT 7.4 (0.6) 7.6 (0.2) 8.0 (0.1) 8.2 (0.1) 8.3 (0.1) 8.1 (0.2) 0.02 * Adjusted for age, sex, race, midlife educational attainment, and study center. DSST=Digit Symbol Substitution Test; RAVLT=Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test

scholarly journals Longitudinal Associations of Midlife Accelerometer Determined Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity With Cognitive Function: The CARDIA Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara M. Whitaker ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Kelley Pettee Gabriel ◽  
Monica Ahrens ◽  
Barbara Sternfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning Test ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Learning Test

Background To determine if accelerometer measured sedentary behavior (SED), light‐intensity physical activity (LPA), and moderate‐to‐vigorous–intensity physical activity (MVPA) in midlife is prospectively associated with cognitive function. Methods and Results Participants were 1970 adults enrolled in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study who wore an accelerometer in 2005 to 2006 (ages 38–50 years) and had cognitive function assessments completed 5 and/or 10 years later. SED, LPA, and MVPA were measured by an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer. Cognitive function tests included the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop Test. Compositional isotemporal substitution analysis examined associations of SED, LPA, and MVPA with repeated measures of the cognitive function standardized scores. In men, statistical reallocation of 30 minutes of LPA with 30 minutes of MVPA resulted in an estimated difference of SD 0.07 (95% CI, 0.01–0.14), SD 0.09 (95% CI, 0.02–0.17), and SD −0.11 (95% CI, −0.19 to −0.04) in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop scores, respectively, indicating better performance. Associations were similar when reallocating time in SED with MVPA, but results were less robust. Reallocation of time in SED with LPA resulted in an estimated difference of SD −0.05 (95% CI, −0.06 to −0.03), SD −0.03 (95% CI, −0.05 to −0.01), and SD 0.05 (95% CI, 0.03– 0.07) in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop scores, respectively, indicating worse performance. Associations were largely nonsignificant among women. Conclusions Our findings support the idea that for men, higher‐intensity activities (MVPA) may be necessary in midlife to observe beneficial associations with cognition.

Abstract 007: Treadmill Duration Predicts Cognitive Function

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Zhu ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
Pamela J Schreiner ◽  
R. Nick Bryan ◽  
Lenore J Launer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Symbol Substitution

Evidence is scarce for an association between treadmill performance and cognitive function in healthy young and middle-aged adults. We assessed the hypothesis that duration on treadmill predicts cognitive function 25 years later. Participants were from the population-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a multi-center study of black and white men and women aged 18-30 at recruitment in 1985-86 (year 0). The main independent variable of interest was baseline symptom-limited maximal treadmill test duration as a measure of treadmill performance potential, including its major subcomponent cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF/TPP). Cognitive functions measured were verbal memory (with the Rey auditory-verbal learning (AVLT)), psychomotor speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)) and executive function (modified Stroop interference test, where lower is better). We analyzed 2444 participants who had y0 treadmill testing and y25 cognitive testing. For each additional SD of treadmill duration (2.8 minutes), the DSST was 2.4 digits correctly substituted higher, the AVLT was 0.36 words recalled higher, and the Stroop test time 1.7 seconds less, after accounting for race, sex, age, highest attained education level and center of clinic visit( Table ). Further adjustment for dietary pattern, physical activity, smoking, BMI, alcohol consumption, glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes status yielded similar trends for these cognitive function tests. In conclusion, CRF/TPP predicts cognitive function 25 years later independently of other factors among apparently healthy adults. Prospective estimation of cognitive function by treadmill duration at baseline in minimally and fully adjusted model (see text for details), N=2444. Year 25 Digit Symbol Substitution Test: Digits correctly substituted mean±SD: 70.1±15.9 Year 25 Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test: Words correctly recalled mean±SD: 8.3±3.3 Year 25 Stroop Test : Seconds to correctly name colors mean±SD: 43.9±12.8 Slope * SE P Slope * SE P Slope * SE P Year 0 treadmill duration (SD) mean±SD: 10.0±2.8 minutes Minimally adjusted 2.4 0.36 <.0001 0.36 0.08 <.0001 -1.7 0.31 <.0001 Fully adjusted 2.3 0.45 <.0001 0.39 0.08 <.0001 -1.2 0.39 0.001 * “Slope” is the difference in the indicated cognitive function per SD (2.8 minutes) of treadmill duration.

scholarly journals Intake of Vegetables and Fruits Through Young Adulthood Is Associated with Better Cognitive Function in Midlife in the US General Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (8) ◽  
pp. 1424-1433
Author(s):  
Xuanxia Mao ◽  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Pengcheng Xun ◽  
Martha L Daviglus ◽  
Lyn M Steffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

ABSTRACT Background Vegetables and fruits (VF) may differentially affect cognitive functions, presumably due to their various nutrient contents, but evidence from epidemiologic studies is limited. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the long-term association between VF intakes, including VF subgroups, in young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife. Methods A biracial cohort of 3231 men and women aged 18–30 y at baseline in 1985–1986 were followed up for 25 y in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Diet was measured at baseline, and in examination years 7 and 20. Cognitive function was assessed at examination year 25 through the use of 3 tests: the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Stroop test. The mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs in cognitive scores across intake categories were estimated through the use of the multivariable-adjusted general linear regression model. Results Excluding potatoes, intake of whole vegetables was significantly associated with a better cognitive performance after adjustment for potential confounders in all 3 cognitive tests (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1—RAVLT, MD: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.64; P-trend = 0.08; DSST, MD: 2.84; 95% CI: 0.93, 4.75; P-trend < 0.01; Stroop test, MD: −2.87; 95% CI: −4.24, −1.50; P-trend < 0.01]. Similarly, intake of fruits, except fruit juices, was significantly related to a better cognitive performance (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1—DSST, MD: 2.41; 95% CI: 0.70, 4.12; P-trend = 0.03). Conclusions This study supports the long-term benefits of VF consumption on cognitive performance, except those VF with relatively low fiber content such as potatoes and fruit juices, among the middle-aged US general population.

scholarly journals Greater Perceived Physical Fatigability Is Associated with Lower Cognition: The Long Life Family Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 782-783
Author(s):  
Theresa Gmelin ◽  
Andrea Rosso ◽  
Stacy Andersen ◽  
Stephanie Cosentino ◽  
Mary Wojczynski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Study ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Mini Mental Status Exam ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Learning Test

Abstract Greater perceived physical fatigability is associated with physical functional decline, but few studies have examined its relation with cognition. Adults ≥60 (mean±SD age 73.7±10.5, 54.7% female, 99.6% white) from the Long Life Family Study (n=2355) completed the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale (PFS, 0-50, higher=greater fatigability) and a neurocognitive examination. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for family structure. Covariates included age, sex, field center, depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression), education, and self-reported health. Each 1-point greater PFS was associated with lower: (1) global cognition (Mini-Mental Status Exam; β=-0.36,p&lt;.0001), (2) verbal fluency (phonemic: β=-0.09,p=.029 and semantic: β=-0.14,p&lt;.0001), (3) memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised: β=-0.06,p=.037), and (4) psychomotor speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test: β=-0.10,p&lt;.0001), after covariate adjustment. Greater perceived physical fatigability was significantly associated with lower memory and cognitive function in older adults, and may represent a promising new biomarker of biological aging reflecting declining brain reserve, resilience, and neurodegeneration.

Effect of Hypertension Duration and Blood Pressure Control During Early Adulthood on Cognitive Function in Middle Age

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Haobin Zhou ◽  
Zongyuan Zhu ◽  
Changsong Liu ◽  
Yujia Bai ◽  
Qiong Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Learning Test

Background: Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Objective: We aim to explore the association between the duration of hypertension in early adulthood, with cognitive function in midlife. Furthermore, we investigate whether this asssociation is altered among participants with controlled BP. Methods: This prospective study included 2,718 adults aged 18–30 years without hypertension at baseline who participated in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Duration of hypertension was calculated based on repeat measurements of BP performed at 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years after baseline. Cognitive function was assessed at Year-25 using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Stroop test. Results: After multivariable adjustment, a longer hypertension duration was associated with worse verbal memory (RAVLT, p trend = 0.002) but not with processing speed (DSST, p trend = 0.112) and executive function (Stroop test, p trend = 0.975). Among subgroups of participants with controlled (BP < 140/90 mmHg) and uncontrolled (SBP≥140 mmHg or DBP≥90 mmHg) BP at the time of cognitive assessment (i.e., Year-25 BP), longer duration of hypertension was associated with worse verbal memory. Similar results were observed in subgroups with controlled and uncontrolled average BP prior to cognitive assessment. Conclusion: Longer duration of hypertension during early adulthood is associated with worse verbal memory in midlife regardless of current or long-term BP control status. The potential risk of hypertension associated cognitive decline should not be overlooked in individuals with a long duration of hypertension, even if BP levels are controlled.

Error Analysis in Neuropsychological Assessment of Verbal Memory and Learning

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Heubrock
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Memory And Learning ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning Test ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Learning Test

Performance on a German version of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) was investigated for 64 juvenile patients who were subdivided in 6 clinical groups. In addition to standard evaluation of AVLT protocols which is usually confined to items recalled correctly, an error analysis was performed. Differentiating between total errors (TE), repetition errors (RE), and misnamings (ME), substantial differences between clinical groups could be demonstrated. It is argued that error analysis of verbal memory and learning enriches the understanding of neuropsychological syndromes, and provides additional information for diagnostic and clinical use. Thus, it is possible to gain a more accurate picture so that patients can be appropriately retrained, and research into the functional causes of memory and learning disorders can be intensified.

scholarly journals Association of Anxiety Awareness with Risk Factors of Cognitive Decline in MCI

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Ariela Gigi ◽  
Merav Papirovitz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Control Group ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Skin Conductivity ◽  
Learning Test

Studies demonstrate that anxiety is a risk factor for cognitive decline. However, there are also study findings regarding anxiety incidence among people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which mostly examined general anxiety evaluated by subjective questionnaires. This study aimed to compare subjective and objective anxiety (using autonomic measures) and anxiety as a general tendency and anxiety as a reaction to memory examination. Participants were 50 adults aged 59–82 years who were divided into two groups: MCI group and control group, according to their objective cognitive performance in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Objective changes in the anxiety response were measured by skin conductivity in all tests and questionnaires. To evaluate subjective anxiety as a reaction to memory loss, a questionnaire on “state-anxiety” was used immediately after completing memory tests. Our main finding was that although both healthy and memory-impaired participants exhibited elevations in physiological arousal during the memory test, only healthy participants reported an enhanced state anxiety (p = 0.025). Our results suggest that people with MCI have impaired awareness of their emotional state.

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