performance validity
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Author(s):  
Robert J. Kanser ◽  
Lisa J. Rapport ◽  
Robin A. Hanks ◽  
Sarah D. Patrick

Author(s):  
Thomas Merten ◽  
Brechje Dandachi-FitzGerald ◽  
Vicki Hall ◽  
Thomas Bodner ◽  
Luciano Giromini ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwina L Picon ◽  
Evgenia Todorova ◽  
Daniela J Palombo ◽  
David L. Perez ◽  
Andrew Howard ◽  
...  

Objective: The etiology of persistent memory complaints after concussion is poorly understood. Memory perfectionism (highly valuing memory ability and intolerance of minor memory lapses) may help explain why some people report persistent subjective memory problems in the absence of corresponding objective memory impairment. The present study investigated the relationship between memory perfectionism and persistent memory complaints after concussion. Methods: Adults (N=77; 61% women) with persistent symptoms following concussion were recruited from outpatient specialty clinics. Participants completed the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery, Test of Memory Malingering-Trial 1, and questionnaires measuring memory perfectionism (Memory in Adulthood-Achievement subscale), forgetfulness and other post-concussion symptoms (Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire; RPQ), and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) at M=17.8 weeks post-injury. Patients with vs. without severe memory complaints (based on the RPQ) were compared. Results: Memory perfectionism was associated with severe memory complaint, after controlling for objective memory ability, overall cognitive ability, and depression (95% confidence interval for odds ratio = 1.11 to 1.40). Sensitivity analyses showed that this relationship did not depend on use of specific objective memory tests nor on inclusion of participants who failed performance validity testing. In a control comparison to test the specificity of identified relationships, memory perfectionism was not associated with severe fatigue (95% confidence interval for odds ratio = 0.91 to 1.07). Discussion: Memory perfectionism may predispose people to experience persistent memory symptoms and/or contribute to their perpetuation after concussion, with potential relevance to the spectrum of functional cognitive disorders more broadly.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Trevor R. Buckley

BACKGROUND: There is much research examining trajectories of cognitive recovery in those who sustain mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). OBJECTIVE: Although the majority of research indicates a full recovery within months of a single, uncomplicated mTBI there remain few who report cognitive symptoms long after injury. Ample evidence indicates incentives to underperform on cognitive testing can negatively affect cognitive recovery, but there is little to no research on how incentives to perform well may affect recovery. This gap in research should be considered to obtain a full picture of cognitive recovery following mTBI. METHOD: Aeromedical Evaluations present a unique opportunity to study cognitive and functional recovery after mTBI. Three case studies are presented from the Aviation Community of recovery from mTBI. Each case presented is one who was monetarily incentivized to perform well on testing. RESULTS: All three cases passed established guidelines for performance validity testing. Each case recovered to estimated baseline performance, though one case needed additional time. There was some evidence of lowered processing speed on two of the three cases. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with current literature on mTBI, recovery from injury is considered the rule as opposed to the exception. Though there are many studies examining how incentives to underperform hinder recovery, there is little research on how incentives to perform well may affect cognitive performance after mTBI. Such may be considered a gap in research and should be a focus of future work.


Author(s):  
Manuel Czornik ◽  
Doris Seidl ◽  
Sophie Tavakoli ◽  
Thomas Merten ◽  
Johann Lehrner

AbstractAmong embedded measures of performance validity, reaction time parameters appear to be less common. However, their potential may be underestimated. In the German-speaking countries, reaction time is often examined using the Alertness subtest of the Test of Attention Performance (TAP). Several previous studies have examined its suitability for validity assessment. The current study was conceived to examine a variety of reaction time parameters of the TAP Alertness subtest with a sample of 266 Austrian civil forensic patients. Classification results from the Word Memory Test (WMT) were used as an external indicator to distinguish between valid and invalid symptom presentations. Results demonstrated that the WMT fail group performed worse in reaction time as well as its intraindividual variation across trials when compared to the WMT pass group. Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed areas under the curve of .775–.804. Logistic regression models indicated the parameter intraindividual variation of motor reaction time with warning sound as being the best predictor for invalid test performance. Suggested cut scores yielded a sensitivity of .62 and a specificity of .90, or .45 and .95, respectively, when the accepted false-positive rate was set lower. The results encourage the use of the Alertness subtest as an embedded measure of performance validity.


Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112110508
Author(s):  
Dayna A. Abramson ◽  
Daniel J. White ◽  
Tasha Rhoads ◽  
Dustin A. Carter ◽  
Nicholas D. Hansen ◽  
...  

This study cross-validated the dot counting test (DCT) as a performance validity test (PVT) in an adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) clinical population and examined the effect of ADHD subtype and psychiatric comorbidity on accuracy for detecting invalidity. DCT performance was assessed among 210 consecutive adult ADHD referrals who underwent neuropsychological evaluation and were classified into valid ( n = 175) or invalid ( n = 35) groups based on seven independent criterion PVTs. The invalid group had significantly worse DCT performance than the valid group using both the standard and unrounded scoring procedure ([Formula: see text]). Classification accuracy was excellent, with 54.3% sensitivity/92% specificity at optimal cut-scores of ≥14 (rounded) and ≥13.38 (unrounded). Nonsignificant DCT performance differences emerged based on ADHD subtype or the presence/absence of comorbid psychopathology. The DCT functions well as a nonmemory-based PVT in an ethnoracially diverse ADHD population, supporting its clinical utility for detecting invalid neurocognitive performance during ADHD evaluations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
John W. Lace ◽  
Zachary C. Merz ◽  
Rachel Galioto

Within the neuropsychological assessment, clinicians are responsible for ensuring the validity of obtained cognitive data. As such, increased attention is being paid to performance validity in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Experts have proposed batteries of neuropsychological tests for use in this population, though none contain recommendations for standalone performance validity tests (PVTs). The California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT-II) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Revised (BVMT-R)—both of which are included in the aforementioned recommended neuropsychological batteries—include previously validated embedded PVTs (which offer some advantages, including expedience and reduced costs), with no prior work exploring their utility in pwMS. The purpose of the present study was to determine the potential clinical utility of embedded PVTs to detect the signal of non-credibility as operationally defined by below criterion standalone PVT performance. One hundred thirty-three (133) patients (M age = 48.28; 76.7% women; 85.0% White) with MS were referred for neuropsychological assessment at a large, Midwestern academic medical center. Patients were placed into “credible” (n = 100) or “noncredible” (n = 33) groups based on a standalone PVT criterion. Classification statistics for four CVLT-II and BVMT-R PVTs of interest in isolation were poor (AUCs = 0.58–0.62). Several arithmetic and logistic regression-derived multivariate formulas were calculated, all of which similarly demonstrated poor discriminability (AUCs = 0.61–0.64). Although embedded PVTs may arguably maximize efficiency and minimize test burden in pwMS, common ones in the CVLT-II and BVMT-R may not be psychometrically appropriate, sufficiently sensitive, nor substitutable for standalone PVTs in this population. Clinical neuropsychologists who evaluate such patients are encouraged to include standalone PVTs in their assessment batteries to ensure that clinical care conclusions drawn from neuropsychological data are valid.


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