scholarly journals The Cerebral Response during Subjective Choice with and without Self-reference

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1897-1906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterling C. Johnson ◽  
Taylor W. Schmitz ◽  
Tisha N. Kawahara-Baccus ◽  
Howard A. Rowley ◽  
Andrew L. Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Imaging Experiment ◽  
Color Similarity ◽  
Response Alternatives ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Experiment ◽  
Self Reference

The anterior medial prefrontal (AMPFC) and retrosplenial (RSC) cortices are active during self-referential decision-making tasks such as when participants appraise traits and abilities, or current affect. Other appraisal tasks requiring an evaluative decision or mental representation, such as theory of mind and perspective-taking tasks, also involve these regions. In many instances, these types of decisions involve a subjective opinion or preference, but also a degree of ambiguity in the decision, rather than a strictly veridical response. However, this ambiguity is generally not controlled for in studies that examine self-referential decision-making. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment with 17 healthy adults, we examined neural processes associated with subjective decision-making with and without an overt self-referential component. The task required subjective decisions about colors-regarding self-preference (internal subjective decision) or color similarity (external subjective decision) under conditions where there was no objectively correct response. Results indicated greater activation in the AMPFC, RSC, and caudate nucleus during internal subjective decision-making. The findings suggest that self-referential processing, rather than subjective judgments among ambiguous response alternatives, accounted for the AMPFC and RSC response.

scholarly journals On Framing Effects in Decision Making: Linking Lateral versus Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex Activation to Choice Outcome Processing

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1198-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Windmann ◽  
Peter Kirsch ◽  
Daniela Mier ◽  
Rudolf Stark ◽  
Bertram Walter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Outcome Valence ◽  
Imaging Experiment ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Experiment

Two correlates of outcome processing in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been proposed in the literature: One hypothesis suggests that the lateral/medial division relates to representation of outcome valence (negative vs. positive), and the other suggests that the medial OFC maintains steady stimulus-outcome associations, whereas the lateral OFC represents changing (unsteady) outcomes to prepare for response shifts. These two hypotheses were contrasted by comparing the original with the inverted version of the Iowa Gambling Task in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. Results showed (1) that (caudo) lateral OFC was indeed sensitive to the steadiness of the outcomes and not merely to outcome valence and (2) that the original and the inverted tasks, although both designed to measure sensitivity for future outcomes, were not equivalent as they enacted different behaviors and brain activation patterns. Results are interpreted in terms of Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory suggesting that cognitions and decisions are biased differentially when probabilistic future rewards are weighed against consistent punishments relative to the opposite scenario [Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, 341–350, 1984]. Specialized processing of unsteady rewards (involving caudolateral OFC) may have developed during evolution in support of goal-related thinking, prospective planning, and problem solving.

scholarly journals The context-dependent nature of the neural implementation of intentions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebo Uithol ◽  
Kai Görgen ◽  
Doris Pischedda ◽  
Ivan Toni ◽  
John-Dylan Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Essential Feature ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Neural Processes

AbstractMany studies have identified networks in parietal and prefrontal cortex that are involved in intentional action. Yet, knowledge about what these networks exactly encoded is still scarce. In this study we look into the content of those processes. We ask whether the neural representations of intentions are context- and reason-invariant, or whether these processes depend on the context we are in, and the reasons we have for choosing an action. We use a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate decoding to directly assess the context- and reason-dependency of the processes underlying intentional action. We were able to decode action decisions in the same context and for the same reasons from the fMRI data, in line with previous decoding studies. Furthermore, we could decode action decisions across different reasons for choosing an action. Importantly, though, decoding decisions across different contexts was at chance level. These results suggest that for voluntary action, there is considerable context-dependency in intention representations. This suggests that established invariance in neural processes may not reflect an essential feature of a certain process, but that this stable character could be dependent on invariance in the experimental setup, in line with predictions from situated cognition theory.

scholarly journals Regions and Connections: Complementary Approaches to Characterize Brain Organization and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Horien ◽  
Abigail S. Greene ◽  
R. Todd Constable ◽  
Dustin Scheinost
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Relative Utility ◽  
And Function ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging has proved to be a powerful tool to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of human brain activity. Analysis methods broadly fall into two camps: those summarizing properties of a region and those measuring interactions among regions. Here we pose an unappreciated question in the field: What are the strengths and limitations of each approach to study fundamental neural processes? We explore the relative utility of region- and connection-based measures in the context of three topics of interest: neurobiological relevance, brain-behavior relationships, and individual differences in brain organization. In each section, we offer illustrative examples. We hope that this discussion offers a novel and useful framework to support efforts to better understand the macroscale functional organization of the brain and how it relates to behavior.

β-conjugation of gadolinium(III) DOTA complexes to zinc(II) porpholactol as potential multimodal imaging contrast agents

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (10n11) ◽  
pp. 950-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Sheng Ke ◽  
Juan Tang ◽  
Zi-Shu Yang ◽  
Jun-Long Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Bimodal Imaging ◽  
Imaging Experiment ◽  
Meso Position ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Experiment

Synthesis of two bimodal imaging agents consist of a hydrophobic zinc(II) tetrapentafluorophenylporpholactol core and a β-substituted hydrophilic Gd ( III ) DO3A (ZnLGd539) or DOTA (ZnLGd595) like moiety has been described (DO3A = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid, DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid). Through β-conjugation approach, the absorption at deep red region increases compared to traditional conjugation methods at meso-position. More importantly, these new complexes possess largely improved ionic relaxitivites relative to the sole Gd ( III ) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents such as Gd ( III ) DO3A and Gd ( III ) DOTA like complexes. Combining the optical and magnetic resonance measurements in aqueous media, the largely enhanced r1 relaxivities was attributed to the aggregation of ZnLGd539 and ZnLGd595 in aqueous media. Furthermore, fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging experiment showed that both ZnLGd539 and ZnLGd595 can be applied as potential bimodal imaging contrast agents. Finally, both compounds showed no dark cytotoxicity and good photocytotoxicity (IC50 = 1.73 ± 0.13 and 1.52 ± 0.10 μM for ZnLGd539 and ZnLGd595 respectively) on Hela cells.

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