Warsaw Pact Countries’ Involvement in Chile from Frei to Pinochet, 1964–1973

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radoslav A. Yordanov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Warsaw Pact ◽  
East European ◽  
The Soviet Union

This article examines the policies of Warsaw Pact countries toward Chile from 1964, when Eduardo Frei was elected Chilean president, until 1973, when Frei's successor, Salvador Allende, was removed in a military coup. The article traces the role of the Soviet Union and East European countries in the ensuing international campaign raised in support of Chile's left wing, most notably in support of the Chilean Communist Party leader Luis Corvalán. The account here adds to the existing historiography of this momentous ten-year period in Chile's history, one marked by two democratic presidential elections, the growing covert intervention of both Washington and Moscow in Chile's politics, mass strikes and popular unrest against Allende's government, a violent military coup, and intense political repression in the coup's aftermath. The article gives particular weight to the role of the East European countries in advancing the interests of the Soviet bloc in South America. By consulting a wide array of declassified documents in East European capitals and in Santiago, this article helps to explain why Soviet and East European leaders attached great importance to Chile and why they ultimately were unable to develop more comprehensive political, economic, and cultural relations with that South American country.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

2020 ◽  
pp. 331-369
Author(s):  
Michael Goldfield
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Wing Movement ◽  
Left Group ◽  
The Soviet Union

Chapter 8 examines the role of the Communist Party, by far the largest Left group, during the 1930s and 1940s. It looks at the Party’s complex behavior, its many pluses and minuses, and its ties to the Soviet Union. In particular, it examines the role of CP activists as trade union militants and as the unabashed and unrelenting champions of civil rights, a role that distinguished them from the members of all other interracial organizations during this period. Yet it also looks at the Party’s role in demoralizing and destroying the left-wing movement in the 1930s and 1940s, even undermining many of the organizations and movements it had helped create, including those dedicated to civil rights.

Women in Soviet Rural Management

Slavic Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
East European ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Feminization Of Agriculture

If one examines the role of women in rural areas in different countries of the world, varying styles or patterns of development can be observed. A particular style found in socialist countries has been described as the “feminization of agriculture.” This pattern, prevalent in East European countries and especially in the Soviet Union, is largely a function of rapid industrialization and the demographic changes necessary to support development. In the Soviet case, for example, the absolute size of the rural population has been declining mainly because of rural-urban migration. Furthermore, this migration has been dominated by youth, a trend which, in combination with losses of males from the war years, has resulted in a rural population whose average age and proportion of women is rising.

North Korea Facing Collapse: Domestic Political and Social and Economic Situation

2012 ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
no name Leading Korean scholars
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Political System ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
East European ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Chinese Policy ◽  
The Stability

The paper deals with various aspects of economic and social crisis in the DPRK on the eve of 2010’s. Basically, there is an evident functional paralysis of the command economy that leads to its complete decay and breakdown. The result is emergence of a set of isolated sectors and segments living by different rules. Also, it triggers major social processes which undermine the stability of North Korean political system and its ideology. Different options of future developments are considered in the light of possible similarities with processes characteristic of the Soviet Union, East European countries and China in the past. Special attention is paid to actual and potential role of external factors, primarily to the influence of Chinese policy towards North Korea and the recent contacts with South Korea.

“The East Asian Frontier of the Socialist World: North Korea in the 1950s”

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 160-183
Author(s):  
Avram Agov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
East European ◽  
Socialist System ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
The 1950S

The decade of the 1950s was a formative period for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (dprk), one that shaped its integration into the international socialist system. This article examines the interaction between North Korea’s internal (institutional) and external (international) integration into the socialist system that, at this time, the Soviet Union and its East European bloc allies dominated. It argues that North Korea was more integrated into the socialist world than its nationalist ideology implied. The 1950s marked the culmination of the dprk’s connectivity to the international socialist world. The narrative begins in the second half of the 1940s with the building of North Korea’s socialist system. It then focuses on East European bloc aid to North Korea during and after the Korean War, as well as the dprk’s reactions to this fraternal assistance. By the second half of the 1950s, North Korea came to associate integration with dependency, generating nationalist impulses in dprk policy and laying the foundation for the juche (self-reliance) paradigm. North Korea’s nationalist ideology was part of a broader post-colonial nation building drive, but socialist interdependency also played a role in the dprk’s divergence, after the early 1960s, from the Soviet bloc and the People’s Republic of China.

Cuba and the Soviet Bloc: Searching for the Last Guardians of Socialism

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200942094991
Author(s):  
Radoslav Yordanov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
East European ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Common Enemy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Revolutionary Ideology ◽  
The Cold War

Based on a wide array of original documents from over 20 archives in Eastern Europe, the US, Cuba and the Dominican Republic, this paper traces the complex interplay between Havana’s revolutionary ideology and pragmatic state instincts which governed Cuba’a relations with the Soviet bloc from the ouster of Fulgencio Batista until the collapse of the Berlin Wall. It overviews their relations by hearing the candid voices of Moscow’s closest East European allies (Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia) regarding Cuba’s continuous transformations. Additionally, the views of the other East European socialist states, which were not among Moscow’s closes backers, namely Albania, Yugoslavia and Romania, are also taken into account. In so doing, this paper seeks to enrich our understanding of the complex trajectory Cuba, the Soviet Union and the remaining East European socialist states underwent in their struggle against the common enemy, the United States. It also seeks to paint a more nuanced picture of the interplay between the realist imperative of state survival and the ideological drive of revolutionary expansionism, which marked Havana’s relations with the East, the West and the South throughout the Cold War.

Research on child language in East European countries

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Průcha
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Child Language ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Speech Communication ◽  
Early Language ◽  
East European ◽  
General Evaluation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Child Language Acquisition ◽  
State Of Research

ABSTRACTA survey is made of recent studies of child language acquisition (mainly between 1968 and mid-1973) performed in the Soviet Union and several other East European countries. Part 1 is a general evaluation of the present state of research on child language in this area; part II includes a survey of the following subfields of developmental research: (1) integrated description of early language; (2) phonology; (3) intonation; (4) grammar; (5) lexis; (6) characteristics of child speech communication.

Varieties of Opposition to Bureaucratic Leninism in Eastern Europe, 1968–1985

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-236
Author(s):  
George W. Breslauer
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Warsaw Pact ◽  
East European ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Special Service ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
Prague Spring

Brezhnev’s Bureaucratic Leninism was broadly emulated (or imposed) in East European communist regimes. But it was controversial and led to many rejections. The Prague Spring of 1968 was an effort to democratize the communist party from within. It was crushed by Warsaw Pact troops. Poland experienced a repeated wave of worker rebellions, as well as a cross-class alliance that resulted in Solidarity almost coming to power, until it was crushed in 1981 by Polish special-service troops. Hungary experimented with narrow-scope marketization of its economy, insufficient to create prosperity, but enough to avoid the extent of economic stagnation plaguing the Soviet Union. All these set the stage for Gorbachev’s reforms.

The Role of the Courts in the Social Construction of Religious Freedom in Central and Eastern Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 291-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Richardson ◽  
Brian M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
East European ◽  
National Courts ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
European Court ◽  
Judicial Systems

This article takes a social-constructionist view of the role played by judicial systems in selected Central and East European nations, formerly dominated by the Soviet Union, in defining the meaning of religious freedom. The focus is on the role of national courts, including constitutional courts, and especially the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in this process, with particular attention being paid to the interaction of these separate court systems in defining religious freedom in the various nations. The function of possible ‘pilot judgments’ of the ECtHR in this process is examined. An overall assessment of the role of judicial systems offers a mixed, but somewhat optimistic, view of the role being played by the court systems in the region which seems to support the idea that the ‘judicialization of politics’—addressed by scholars in other branches of law—is also occurring in the area of religious freedom.

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