Sądy społeczne w systemie wymiaru sprawiedliwości Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej

Social courts in the German Democratic Republic, as constitutional judicial organs, guaranteed the direct participation of citizens in the exercise of state power. They played an important role in the judicial system and in fact became the courts of the lowest instance. They settled disputes in the field of labour and civil law and adjudicated in cases of violations of criminal law. In retrospect, they can be assessed as a special type of court typical of the socialist system, the decisions of which were primarily of educational and preventive importance.

Wykładnia pojęcia „dobrej wiary” w orzecznictwie w kontekście dokonywanych w okresie PRL naruszeń prawa własności

The article aims to asses the jurisprudence of the first decades of the 21st century regarding the good faith of stateowned enterprises that began, without a legal title, to use private land in the communist period, placing on them the infrastructure used to transmit electric energy. Courts interpreting general clauses referring to concepts and systems of values lying outside the legal system gain the ability to influence the decision of the case based on their own moral judgments. Therefore, the case where Polish courts operating in a state that respects the principle of equal property protection regardless if the entitled entity had the opportunity to assess the conduct of entities representing the state operating on the basis of a completely different system of values, should be considered particularly interesting. It is typical for totalitarian and authoritarian regimes to formally grant broad protection to individual rights and, at the same time ignore their existence in the activities of the state. It can be seen in the practice of carrying out some infrastructure investments in the communist period. Electricity networks were often built on private land. At that time, there were regulations allowing to obtain a legal title to use the land, both in private law (contract) and of an administrative (expropriation) nature. The state and state-owned enterprises, however, mostly did not use them, focusing on planning investments to obtain permits related to technical issues. The reasons for this behavior can be seen primarily in the basic assumptions of the socialist system. The described practice testified to the real attitude of the state to private property as a type of property that was ultimately to be ousted in the socialist system. The role of economic plans in the Polish People’s Republic was also significant. State bodies and state-owned enterprises primarily aimed at executing plans, regardless of whether or not they violated the individual’s interests in this way. After 1989, the legal status of many power grids, overhead lines, and other devices was therefore not regulated. State-owned enterprises, and the companies resulting from their transformation, used many properties without a legal title. Changes in the legal awareness of society and the grow-ing understanding of economic mechanisms based on the principles of responsibility for one’s own actions and protection of subjective rights, led to many court disputes between owners and entrepreneurs. The most common claims addressed to transmission companies were remunerations for the use of land without legal title and actio negatoria. The case law reacted to the increase in the number of disputes by creating a concept of usucaption of land easement for the benefit of the transmission entrepreneur. Its legitimacy from the beginning raised fundamental doubts in the legal doctrine, but it gained the full support of the courts. Many statements of the Supreme Court assessed the correctness of the state-owned enterprises’ conduct. The relatively numerous statements approving the omission of obtaining a legal title to seize someone else’s real estate in the investment preparation process ought to be considered inter-esting and surprising. They significantly influenced the practice of common courts, causing many claims of property owners against entrepreneurs to be dismissed. Moreover, by expressly praising unlawful interference with the right to property, carried out during the Polish Peopleʼs Republic, they probably also deepened the sense of harm and injustice — caused mainly by a surprising in-terpretation that allowed for the acquisition by prescription of a right unknown to the Act — and above all the belief that courts treated trade participants unequally and that courts granted significant privileging to the state and entities representing its interests.

The Practice Path of Government Governance Modernization

At the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, China clearly put forward the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform, which can be summarized as “improving and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and promoting the modernization of national governance capacity and governance system.” For the modernization of national governance, the modernization of government governance is undoubtedly a key link. The practical paths to achieve the modernization of government governance mainly include: First, realize the servitization of government governance; Second, realize the legalization in government governance; Third, realize the cheapness of government governance; Fourth, implement the responsibility of government governance.

Organized memory and popular remembering: The encounter of Yugonostalgia theories with socialism

The article first examines the contrast between popular remembering and the official presentation of Yugoslav socialist past in Slovenia. We examine the discursive patterns in political dignitaries’ declarations and reconstruct popular remembering as it emerges from the existing research. We focus on theories that conceptualize positive popular attitudes towards socialist past with the notion of ‘nostalgia’. Following the ways how researchers overcome the difficulties of the ‘Yugonostalgia’ approach, we note that they do not take into account the embeddedness of the positive achievements of socialism into the overall fabric of socialist system. According to our hypothesis, this omission induces the researchers to overestimate the present social and political impact of positive attitudes to socialist past. Furthermore, social struggles in which researchers are engaged seem to raise barriers to scientific practice. This study attempts to contribute to the project of Yugoslav memory studies.

The leadership of the historiographical field in late socialist Romania. A case-study on the year 1985

"The leadership of the historiographical field in late socialist Romania. A case-study on the year 1985. The aim of this paper is to analysis the historiographical field in late socialist Romania, by looking at those historians having high institutional positions within the field in 1985. Our goal is not to discuss the individual themselves, but rather to use this case-study in order to define and characterize the milieu of history-writing as a social and professional structure. Our theoretical and methodological apparatus is built on the works of Pierre Bourdieu, using extensively concepts such as field, capital, habitus, strategy and autonomy, while taking into account their limitations when applied to a socialist system. The research design of this paper implied creating a biographical database, consisting in information regarding the biography of each dean and director, active in their leadership position in 1985. Therefore, information was gathered about Ion Agrigoroaiei, Dumitru Berciu, Gheorghe I. Ioniţă, Camil Mureşanu, Ştefan Pascu, Mircea Petrescu-Dâmboviţa, Ion Popescu-Puţuri, Constantin Preda, Ştefan Ştefănescu. Keywords: historiography, sociology of history writing, intellectuals in late socialism, academic careers, and institutions. "

Profesorki w sejmach PRL... Przyczynek do badań subiektywnego poczucia sprawczości

The aim of this paper is to point to the aspect of subjective sense of personal causative power amongstfemale professors who held their seats during the People’s Republic of Poland. In her research, the authorseeks an answer to the question whether the female deputies distinguished by their double role had a senseof subjective causative power, analysing their personal reflection expressed on the subject in availablesources. The research in a broader aspect contributes to the question whether women, especially thosewith a high professional and social status, playing political roles in the Real Socialist system had a real impacton changing the existing reality and whether their activity translated into specific normative decisions orsolutions of a permanent nature.

The national idea of Russia in the world-historical progress of equality, freedom and justice. Manifesto on Islam

The article substantiates the doctrine of Zionism as a post-socialist system and the national idea of modern Russia. The basis of civilizationism is civil property, the right of every citizen to an equal share of the socialist inheritance (national property). In the current circumstances, to achieve a real socio-political agreement in the country, to overcome the war for property, to really recognize the results of previous reforms by society and to support new transformations, a fair social contract on the creation of a civil property fund is necessary.