What Iconic Gesture Fragments Reveal about Gesture–Speech Integration: When Synchrony Is Lost, Memory Can Help

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1648-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Obermeier ◽  
Henning Holle ◽  
Thomas C. Gunter
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Iconic Gesture ◽  
Temporal Synchrony ◽  
Active Memory ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Delayed Consequences ◽  
Temporal Overlap

The present series of experiments explores several issues related to gesture–speech integration and synchrony during sentence processing. To be able to more precisely manipulate gesture–speech synchrony, we used gesture fragments instead of complete gestures, thereby avoiding the usual long temporal overlap of gestures with their coexpressive speech. In a pretest, the minimal duration of an iconic gesture fragment needed to disambiguate a homonym (i.e., disambiguation point) was therefore identified. In three subsequent ERP experiments, we then investigated whether the gesture information available at the disambiguation point has immediate as well as delayed consequences on the processing of a temporarily ambiguous spoken sentence, and whether these gesture–speech integration processes are susceptible to temporal synchrony. Experiment 1, which used asynchronous stimuli as well as an explicit task, showed clear N400 effects at the homonym as well as at the target word presented further downstream, suggesting that asynchrony does not prevent integration under explicit task conditions. No such effects were found when asynchronous stimuli were presented using a more shallow task (Experiment 2). Finally, when gesture fragment and homonym were synchronous, similar results as in Experiment 1 were found, even under shallow task conditions (Experiment 3). We conclude that when iconic gesture fragments and speech are in synchrony, their interaction is more or less automatic. When they are not, more controlled, active memory processes are necessary to be able to combine the gesture fragment and speech context in such a way that the homonym is disambiguated correctly.

The Role of Iconic Gestures in Speech Disambiguation: ERP Evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1175-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Holle ◽  
Thomas C. Gunter
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Iconic Gesture ◽  
Subordinate Meaning ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Impact

The present series of experiments explored the extent to which iconic gestures convey information not found in speech. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded as participants watched videos of a person gesturing and speaking simultaneously. The experimental sentences contained an unbalanced homonym in the initial part of the sentence (e.g., She controlled the ball …) and were disambiguated at a target word in the subsequent clause (which during the game … vs. which during the dance …). Coincident with the initial part of the sentence, the speaker produced an iconic gesture which supported either the dominant or the subordinate meaning. Event-related potentials were time-locked to the onset of the target word. In Experiment 1, participants were explicitly asked to judge the congruency between the initial homonym-gesture combination and the subsequent target word. The N400 at target words was found to be smaller after a congruent gesture and larger after an incongruent gesture, suggesting that listeners can use gestural information to disambiguate speech. Experiment 2 replicated the results using a less explicit task, indicating that the disambiguating effect of gesture is somewhat task-independent. Unrelated grooming movements were added to the paradigm in Experiment 3. The N400 at subordinate targets was found to be smaller after subordinate gestures and larger after dominant gestures as well as grooming, indicating that an iconic gesture can facilitate the processing of a lesser frequent word meaning. The N400 at dominant targets no longer varied as a function of the preceding gesture in Experiment 3, suggesting that the addition of meaningless movements weakened the impact of gesture. Thus, the integration of gesture and speech in comprehension does not appear to be an obligatory process but is modulated by situational factors such as the amount of observed meaningful hand movements.

X-ray microanalysis of thin specimens in the transmission electron microscope at voltages up to 1000 Kv.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. Cliff ◽  
M.J. Nasir ◽  
G.W. Lorimer ◽  
N. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Constant Independent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Position ◽  
X Ray Absorption

In a specimen which is transmission thin to 100 kV electrons - a sample in which X-ray absorption is so insignificant that it can be neglected and where fluorescence effects can generally be ignored (1,2) - a ratio of characteristic X-ray intensities, I1/I2 can be converted into a weight fraction ratio, C1/C2, using the equationwhere k12 is, at a given voltage, a constant independent of composition or thickness, k12 values can be determined experimentally from thin standards (3) or calculated (4,6). Both experimental and calculated k12 values have been obtained for K(11<Z>19),kα(Z>19) and some Lα radiation (3,6) at 100 kV. The object of the present series of experiments was to experimentally determine k12 values at voltages between 200 and 1000 kV and to compare these with calculated values.The experiments were carried out on an AEI-EM7 HVEM fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.

scholarly journals THE MECHANISM OF CHANGE IN RESISTANCE OF ERYTHROCYTES TO HYPOTONIC SALT SOLUTIONS

1925 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Great Uncertainty ◽  
Hypotonic Hemolysis ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Ashby's work on the effects of KCl and NaCl on the resistance to hypotonic hemolysis of K•-rich and K•-poor erythrocytes has been repeated with great attention to purity of materials and refinement of technique. The results fail to agree with those of Ashby. 1. KCl produces greater loss in resistance to hypotonic hemolysis than does NaCl, irrespective of the species of the animal from which the cells are taken. 2. While cases of an increase in resistance have been encountered in my experiments, they are either very slight, or else the particular determination is subject to very great uncertainty. The great increases in resistance found by Ashby are not even approached in any of the present series of experiments. 3. Ashby's generalization that KCl and NaCl have opposite effects on red blood cells, and that the sense of these effects depends on whether the cell is K•-rich or K•-poor is not substantiated.

1. Experiments on the Colorific Properties of Lichens

1872 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
W. Lauder Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Present Series ◽  
Botanical Society ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Positive Results

The author's paper consists mainly of a Table exhibiting certain of the positive results of many hundred experiments on the colouring matters contained in or educible from Lichens. The experiments in question are partly a repetition, and partly an extension on a more systematic and complete scale, of a series of researches made by the author between 1852 and 1855, the results of which were originally submitted to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. The present series of experiments includes the whole family of the Lichens. The Table represents mainly the effects of chemical reagents on solutions of the lichen colouring-matters, or colorific principles, in boiling alcohol or water. The nomenclature of the Colour-reactions is that of Werner and Syme.

IV.—On the Illuminating Power of Groups of Pin-hole Burners

1910 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
R. G. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Present Series ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Cross

The object of the present series of experiments is to find the variation of the illuminating power of symmetrical groups of pin-hole burners with the distance of adjacent burners.The burners were fitted so as to slide on a frame composed of two pieces of a metre-rod fastened together to form a cross, as shown in figs. 1 and 2. The stems of the burners were circular in section and cylindrical in bore, the external and internal diameters being 8 mm. and less than 1 mm. respectively. Their bases were bevelled in such a manner that the burners could be fixed so close as to touch each other; thus their centres could be placed at any distance from the centre of the cross from 4 mm. to 10 cm. The standard of illumination with which they were compared was a similar pin-hole burner.

IN VITRO EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTED IODOPHENOLS ON CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1779-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D'Iorio ◽  
C. Mavrides
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Crude Enzyme ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Reversible Inhibition ◽  
Crude Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
In Vitro Effects

The kinetic study of a new inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DIHBA), previously reported by the authors (1), shows it to act in a competitive fashion. Instead of the crude enzyme preparation of the early experiments, a partially purified enzyme has been used throughout the present series of experiments and new substances have been tested with respect to their inhibiting effects. Thus, O-methyl-DIHBA is found to be inactive, while 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (DISA) inhibits competitively and 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxypyridine (DIHP) noncompetitively as indicated by the Lineweaver and Burk plots.3,5-Diiodo-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (DIHPA) produces a progressive and partly reversible inhibition, while 3,5-diiodotyrosine (DIT) has no effect on the activity of the enzyme. m-Fluorotyrosine, o-fluorophenol, and o-iodophenol are similarly inactive.

On the (non)utility of Juilland’s D to measure lexical dispersion in large corpora

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Biber ◽  
Randi Reppen ◽  
Erin Schnur ◽  
Romy Ghanem
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Effective Range ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Large Corpus

This paper explores the effectiveness of Juilland’s D as a measure of vocabulary dispersion in large corpora. Through a series of experiments using the BNC, we explored the influence of three variables: the number of corpus-parts used for the computation of D, the frequency of the target word, and the distributions of those words. The experiments demonstrate that the effective range for D is greatly reduced when computations are based on a large number of corpus-parts: even words with highly skewed distributions have D values indicating a relatively uniform distribution. We also briefly explore an alternative measure, Gries’ DP (Gries 2008), showing that it is a more reliable and effective measure of dispersion in a large corpus divided into many parts. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of these findings for quantitative methods applied to the creation of vocabulary lists as well as research questions in other areas of corpus linguistics.

Effect of Surface Roughness on Cavitation Performance of Hydrofoils—Report 3

1967 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Numachi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Cavitation Performance ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Effect Of Surface

As a sequel to the first and second reports of the present series of experiments intended to gain knowledge on the effect of surface roughness on hydromechanical characteristics, particularly cavitation performance, the author has this time taken up the case of striations in the direction parallel to the chord, to determine their effect on cavitation efficiency and profile performance in general, for comparison with that of spanwise striations which were the subject of the preceding two reports.

scholarly journals Two Heads Are Better Than One, but How Much?

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Vadillo ◽  
Nerea Ortega-Castro ◽  
Itxaso Barberia ◽  
A. G. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Causal Learning ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Integration Rule ◽  
Causal Induction ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Integration Rules

Many theories of causal learning and causal induction differ in their assumptions about how people combine the causal impact of several causes presented in compound. Some theories propose that when several causes are present, their joint causal impact is equal to the linear sum of the individual impact of each cause. However, some recent theories propose that the causal impact of several causes needs to be combined by means of a noisy-OR integration rule. In other words, the probability of the effect given several causes would be equal to the sum of the probability of the effect given each cause in isolation minus the overlap between those probabilities. In the present series of experiments, participants were given information about the causal impact of several causes and then they were asked what compounds of those causes they would prefer to use if they wanted to produce the effect. The results of these experiments suggest that participants actually use a variety of strategies, including not only the linear and the noisy-OR integration rules, but also averaging the impact of several causes.

Direction of a Figural Retroactive-Effect as a Function of Apparent Temporal Overlap of Test and Inducing Figures

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
June Adam ◽  
Ruth Heron ◽  
Donna Cooper ◽  
Alain Hepner
Keyword(s):  
Visual Illusion ◽  
Stimulus Sequence ◽  
Test Figure ◽  
Retroactive Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Concentric Circles ◽  
Attraction Effects ◽  
Temporal Overlap

In a series of experiments using a concentric circles figure the direction of the figural retroactive-effect is related to the frequency with which Ss report apparent temporal overlap of inducing and test figures under different conditions of testing. The results suggest that figural retroactive-effects showing attraction of the test figure toward the inducing figure result from S's perception of a visual illusion during the stimulus sequence. Factors determining the occurrence of both apparent temporal overlap and attraction effects are investigated.

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