Retroactivity in international treaty law

Problem setting. Due to the fact that the constitutional norms determine the status of an international treaty, the binding nature of which has been approved by the parliament as part of national legislation, it is important to study the temporal effect of international treaties, namely their retroactivity. In general, the Vienna Convention contains a provision according to which an international treaty has no retroactive effect in respect of the States which are parties to it, except where the intention to give retroactive effect to the treaty follows from the treaty itself or the agreements of its parties. These exceptions to the general rule indicate the non-absoluteness of the latter, so it is appropriate to study the factors that determine the existence of retroactive agreements, as well as controversial and controversial issues that arise in this regard. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Scholars such as S.N. Ivanov, RA Kalamkaryan, M.A. Kapustina, II Lukashuk, OV Pushnyak and others. However, this area needs further study and analysis, given the existence of exceptions to the general provision on the lack of retroactive effect of international agreements. Target of research. Тo consider the conditions under which an international treaty has retroactive effect, to investigate the factors influencing the decision to grant retroactive effect and the issues arising in connection with the retroactivity of international treaties. Article’s main body. This study examines the non-absoluteness of the provision on the absence of retroactive effect of international agreements. Among the reasons that encourage states to anticipate retroactive effect – the interpretive or additional nature of the international agreement or the need to resolve the situation that arose before its conclusion. It should be emphasized that some agreements have retroactive effect by virtue of their object, which provides this retroactive effect, as agreed by the parties, although not explicitly stated in the contract. It is also not uncommon for certain rights and obligations to arise not because of an international treaty that has not yet entered into force, but because of customary norms that are enshrined in it. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The principle of no retroactive effect of an international agreement is not absolute. In each case, the reasons for the application of retroactivity must be decided by a judicial authority in the process of interpreting the contractual obligations. An important role in the possibility of retroactive application of an international treaty is played by its object or the co-existing customary norms of international law and the principles recognized by civilized nations as binding.

KAKO OCIJENITI KLjUČNE SUDIONIKE U RASPLITANjU PROBLEMA DEVIZNE KLAUZULE U ŠVICARSKIM FRANCIMA ILI GORDIJSKOG ČVORA „SUI GENERIS“

In this text, the authors have tried to approach the problem known as the CHF problem, in addition to providing a range of information, from a new aspect. Starting from the fact that no problem is limited to itself, but the conclusions drawn can be used, in an appropriate way, to other problems, they tried to assess how the participants, especially the courts and the state, behaved. Unfortunately, without compromising goodwill, the deserved grade is, primarily due to slowness, very low. Neither the courts (which are somewhat justified by formal reasons) nor the legislator have even remotely seized the opportunity to resolve the problem that has arisen as quickly and as completely (legally) as possible. There is no answer to the question why the highest courts did not use the opportunity to give their opinion on as many issues as possible they knew that have arisen or will arise, why the legislator did not use the possibilities of authentic interpretation or retroactive effect.

“THE DEATH” OF CONTRACTS AS A RESULT OF VOIDING: VOID OR VOIDABLE?

Parties conclude a contract for creation and termination of contractual rights and obligations as the existence of a contract ensures parties to face unexpected situations. A valid contract means it is legally binding and enforceable and the formation of a legally binding contract must entail some essential and basic elements. But in some cases, even though the contract meets all basic elements for its validation it can be invalid. If a contract is invalid, it will be annulled from the very beginning, therefore the invalidity has a retroactive effect. Some defects render a contract void, while others make it voidable. This article clarifies types of invalid contracts on the basis of the element of dispute, main characteristic features of void and voidable contracts, dispute period in invalid transactions and grounds that lead to voiding a contract. Key words: defects, the death of contracts, void contracts, voidable contracts, invalidity, grounds for voiding

IMPLEMENTASI HUKUM DALAM KONTRAK BISNIS INTERNASIONAL

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana Pengaturan Hukum Dalam Kontrak Bisnis Internasional dan bagaimana Implementasi Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Dalam Kontrak Bisnis Internasional. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan Hukum Dalam Kontrak Bisnis Internasional dapat dijumpai pada kaidah dan prinsip-prinsip hukum kontrak internasional yang mengatur mengenai ketentuan-ketentuan transaksi bisnis internasional. Adapun ketentuan dalam konvensi internasional tersebut mengenai Contracts for the internasional Sale of Goods (CISG) dan the UNIDROIT Principle of International Contracts Tahun 1994. Prinsip-prinsip UNIDROIT merupakan sumber hukum kontrak internasional yang dibuat sebagai upaya menciptakan harmonisasi hukum dan aturan-aturan dalam perdagangan internasional. Prinsip-prinsip hukum kontrak tersebut diantaranya adalah; Prinsip kebebasan berkontrak, Prinsip pengakuan hukum terhadap kebiasaan bisnis, Prinsip itikad baik (good faith) dan transaksi jujur (fair dealing), Prinsip force majeure dan Retroactive effect of Avoidance (tidak berlaku surut). 2. Mengenai forum atau bentuk penyelesaian sengketa yang tersedia, tampak masing-masing memiliki kekuatan dan kelemahannya. Baik itu APS atau pengadilan, masing-masing memiliki cirinya. Menurut bentuknya, pilihan hukum dapat berupa pilihan yang secara tegas dinyatakan oleh para pihak dalam suatu klausul kontrak yang di dalamnya ditegaskan suatu sistem hukum tertentu yang mereka pilih. Pilihan hukum dapat dilakukan secara diam-diam atau tersirat. Pilihan hukum juga dapat diserahkan kepada pengadilan berdasarkan kesepakatan dari para pihak, yang biasanya ditempuh bilamana para pihak gagal atau kesulitan dalam mencapai kesepakatan mengenai hukum yang akan dipilih.Kata kunci: Implementasi Hukum, Kegiatan Transaksi, Bisnis Internasional

Przegląd orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego

Overview of the decisions of the Polish Supreme Court Pursuant to the resolution of the panel of seven judges of the Polish Supreme Court of May 7, 2021, case file no. III CZP 6/21, which became a legal principle, an illegal contract term (Article 3851 § 1 of the Polish Civil Code) is from the beginning, by virtue of the law itself, ineffective for the benefit of the consumer who may give free and informed consent to this provision and thus restore its retroactive effect. If the loan agreement cannot be binding without an ineffective provision, the consumer and the lender are entitled to separate claims for the reimbursement of cash benefits provided in the performance of the agreement (Article 410 § 1 in conjunction with Article 405 of the Polish Civil Code). The lender may request the return of the benefit from the moment the loan agreement becomes permanently ineffective. The resolution of the Polish Supreme Court of May 28, 2021, case file no. III CZP 27/20, is of exceptional importance, as according to it the right to live in a clean environment is not a personal good. Protection of personal rights (Article 23 of the Polish Civil Code in conjunction with Article 24 of the Polish Civil Code and Article 448 of the Polish Civil Code) covers health, freedom, privacy, which may be breached (threatened) by an inadequate air quality, which does not meet the standards specified in legal provisions. However, according to the resolution of the Polish Supreme Court of March 31, 2021, case file no. I KZP 7/20 – a violent crime within the meaning of Art. 41a § 1 of the Polish Criminal Code is any crime that was actually committed with the use of violence, and the word “violence” used in this legal provision includes both physical and mental violence.

The Principle of Prohibition of the Retroactive Effect of Law: Implementation Peculiarities and Development Tendencies

The article is devoted to the comprehension, disclosure and description of the principle of prohibition of retroactivity of the law “Lex ad praeteriam non valet” in a systemic relationship with a number of principles of the rule of law. The authors note the relationship between the principle of prohibition of retroactive force of law and the principles of the rule of law and maintaining citizens’ confidence in the law and actions of the state, as well as such trends in its development as substantive stability and liberalization in law enforcement based on the sphere of legal regulation.

The Methodology of Tax Records for the Support of Tax Management

Tax policy is associated with the use and application of taxes and their instruments, which serve to influence macroeconomic and microeconomic processes in the economy. We can derive the tax policy from the applied economic policy of the state. The objectives of economic policy are aimed in particular at strengthening the effectiveness of the market mechanism, reducing pension and property inequality, as well as strengthening the internal and external stability of the state. In securing them, the state must take into account many internal, as well as international aspects, focused not only on economic but also on political, social, defenses, ethical and other interests. The individual goals that the state sets by its economic policy can be effectively achieved through goal-oriented policies that form part of economic policy. The state’s social policy, unemployment policy, tax policy, etc. fulfil their role. These policies then have a retroactive effect on the economic policy of the state. The subject or goal of tax policy is the application of tax principles and measures so that taxes serve to promote the economic, social and political goals of the state.