The Neurotopography of Written Word Production: An fMRI Investigation of the Distribution of Sensitivity to Length and Frequency

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 4067-4081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Rapp ◽  
Olivier Dufor
Keyword(s):  
Word Reading ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Lexical Frequency ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
Written Word ◽  
Reading And Spelling

This research is directed at charting the neurotopography of the component processes of the spelling system by using fMRI to identify the neural substrates that are sensitive to the factors of lexical frequency and word length. In spelling, word frequency effects index orthographic long-term memory whereas length effects, as measured by the number of letters, index orthographic working memory (grapheme buffering). Using the task of spelling to dictation in the scanner, we found a highly differentiated neural distribution of sensitivity to the factors of length and lexical frequency, with areas exhibiting sensitivity to length but not frequency and vice versa. In addition, a direct comparison with the results of a previous study [Rapp, B., & Lipka, K. The literate brain: The relationship between spelling and reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 1180–1197, 2011] that used a very different spelling task yielded a converging pattern of findings regarding the neural substrates of the central components of spelling. Also, with regard to relationship between reading and spelling, we replicated previous functional neuroimaging studies that have shown overlapping regions of activation in the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus and midfusiform gyrus for word reading and spelling.

scholarly journals Working Memory Retrieval: Contributions of the Left Prefrontal Cortex, the Left Posterior Parietal Cortex, and the Hippocampus

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilke Öztekin ◽  
Brian McElree ◽  
Bernhard P. Staresina ◽  
Lila Davachi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Focal Attention ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Posterior Parietal

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify regions involved in working memory (WM) retrieval. Neural activation was examined in two WM tasks: an item recognition task, which can be mediated by a direct-access retrieval process, and a judgment of recency task that requires a serial search. Dissociations were found in the activation patterns in the hippocampus and in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) when the probe contained the most recently studied serial position (where a test probe can be matched to the contents of focal attention) compared to when it contained all other positions (where retrieval is required). The data implicate the hippocampus and the LIFG in retrieval from WM, complementing their established role in long-term memory. Results further suggest that the left posterior parietal cortex (LPPC) supports serial retrieval processes that are often required to recover temporal order information. Together, these data suggest that the LPPC, the LIFG, and the hippocampus collectively support WM retrieval. Critically, the reported findings support accounts that posit a distinction between representations maintained in and outside of focal attention, but are at odds with traditional dual-store models that assume distinct mechanisms for short- and long-term memory representations.

scholarly journals The Neuroanatomy of Speech Sequencing at the Syllable Level

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Rong ◽  
A. Lisette Isenberg ◽  
Erica Sun ◽  
Gregory Hickok
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sequence Production ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Pars Opercularis

Correctly ordering a sequence of speech sounds is a crucial aspect of speech production. Although studies have yielded a rich body of data on the neural substrates of visuomotor sequencing and sequence learning, research on brain regions and their functions involving speech sequence production hasn’t attracted much attention until recently. Previous functional MRI studies manipulating the complexity of sequences at the phonemic, syllabic, and suprasyllabic levels have revealed a network of motor-related cortical and sub-cortical speech regions. In this study, we directly compared human brain activity measured with functional MRI during processing of a sequence of syllables compared with the same syllables processed individually. Among a network of regions independently identified as being part of the sensorimotor circuits for speech production, only the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis, lIFG), the supplementary motor area (SMA), and the left inferior parietal lobe (lIPL) responded more during the production of syllable sequences compared to producing the same syllables articulated one at a time.

Word reading and spelling ability in school-age children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Evidence from Brazilian Portuguese.

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia Cardoso-Martins ◽  
Daniela T. Gonçalves ◽  
Caroline G. de Magalhães ◽  
Juliane R. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Spelling Ability ◽  
Adolescents With Autism ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Reading And Spelling

scholarly journals From cognitive to neural models of working memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1481) ◽  
pp. 761-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D'Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Active Maintenance

Working memory refers to the temporary retention of information that was just experienced or just retrieved from long-term memory but no longer exists in the external environment. These internal representations are short-lived, but can be stored for longer periods of time through active maintenance or rehearsal strategies, and can be subjected to various operations that manipulate the information in such a way that makes it useful for goal-directed behaviour. Empirical studies of working memory using neuroscientific techniques, such as neuronal recordings in monkeys or functional neuroimaging in humans, have advanced our knowledge of the underlying neural mechanisms of working memory. This rich dataset can be reconciled with behavioural findings derived from investigating the cognitive mechanisms underlying working memory. In this paper, I review the progress that has been made towards this effort by illustrating how investigations of the neural mechanisms underlying working memory can be influenced by cognitive models and, in turn, how cognitive models can be shaped and modified by neuroscientific data. One conclusion that arises from this research is that working memory can be viewed as neither a unitary nor a dedicated system. A network of brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is critical for the active maintenance of internal representations that are necessary for goal-directed behaviour. Thus, working memory is not localized to a single brain region but probably is an emergent property of the functional interactions between the PFC and the rest of the brain.

scholarly journals Syntax-Sensitive Regions of the Posterior Inferior Frontal Gyrus and the Posterior Temporal Lobe Are Differentially Recruited by Production and Perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Matchin ◽  
Emily Wood
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Syntactic Processing ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Lesion Symptom Mapping

Abstract Matchin and Hickok (2020) proposed that the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (PIFG) and the left posterior temporal lobe (PTL) both play a role in syntactic processing, broadly construed, attributing distinct functions to these regions with respect to production and perception. Consistent with this hypothesis, functional dissociations between these regions have been demonstrated with respect to lesion–symptom mapping in aphasia. However, neuroimaging studies of syntactic comprehension typically show similar activations in these regions. In order to identify whether these regions show distinct activation patterns with respect to syntactic perception and production, we performed an fMRI study contrasting the subvocal articulation and perception of structured jabberwocky phrases (syntactic), sequences of real words (lexical), and sequences of pseudowords (phonological). We defined two sets of language-selective regions of interest (ROIs) in individual subjects for the PIFG and the PTL using the contrasts [syntactic > lexical] and [syntactic > phonological]. We found robust significant interactions of comprehension and production between these 2 regions at the syntactic level, for both sets of language-selective ROIs. This suggests a core difference in the function of these regions with respect to production and perception, consistent with the lesion literature.

The Role of Inflectional Morphology in Canadian Children's Word Reading and Spelling

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Che Kan Leong
Keyword(s):  
Word Reading ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Reading And Spelling

scholarly journals Shifting and stopping: fronto-striatal substrates, neurochemical modulation and clinical implications

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1481) ◽  
pp. 917-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.W Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Set Switching ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Neuropsychological Investigation ◽  
The Right

The neuropsychological basis of attentional set-shifting, task-set switching and stop-signal inhibition is reviewed through comparative studies of humans and experimental animals. Using human functional neuroimaging, plus neuropsychological investigation of patients with frontal damage quantified by structural magnetic resonance imaging, and through parallels with effects of specific lesions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum in rats and marmosets, it is possible to define both distinct and overlapping loci for tasks such as extra-dimensional shifting and reversal learning, stop-signal reaction time and task-set switching. Notably, most of the paradigms implicate a locus in the right PFC, specifically the right inferior frontal gyrus, possibly associated with processes of response inhibition. The neurochemical modulation of fronto-striatal circuitry in parallel with effects on task performance has been investigated using specific neuropharmacological agents in animals and by human psychopharmacological investigations, sometimes in conjunction with functional imaging. Evidence is provided for double dissociations of effects of manipulations of prefrontal cortical catecholamine and indoleamine (5-HT) systems that have considerable implications in the treatment of disorders such as Parkinson's disease, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression, as well as in theoretical notions of how ‘fronto-executive’ functions are subject to state-dependent influences, probably related to stress, arousal and motivation.

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