TRIAL-AND-ERROR SOLVING OF A CONFINEMENT PROBLEM BY A JUMPING SPIDER, PORTIA FIMBRIATA

Behaviour ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 138 (10) ◽  
pp. 1215-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jackson ◽  
Chris Carter ◽  
Michael Tarsitano
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Aggressive Mimicry ◽  
Jumping Spiders ◽  
Test Algorithm

Abstract Portia is a genus of web-invading araneophagic jumping spiders known from earlier studies to derive aggressive-mimicry signals by using a generate-and-test algorithm (trial-and-error tactic). Here P. fimbriata's use of trial-and-error to solve a confinement problem (how to escape from an island surrounded by water) is investigated. Spiders choose between two potential escape tactics (leap or swim), one of which will fail (bring spider no closer to edge of tray) and the other of which will partially succeed (bring spider closer to edge of tray). The particular choice that will partially succeed is unknown to the spider. Using trial-anderror, P.fimbriata solves the confinement problem both when correct choices are rewarded (i.e. when the spider is moved closer to edge of tray) and when incorrect choices are punished (i.e. when the spider gets no closer to edge of tray).

scholarly journals Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Renner Luiz Cerqueira Baptista ◽  
Pedro de Souza Castanheira ◽  
Gabriel Assunção Oliveira ◽  
André Wanderley do Prado
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Jumping Spiders ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
The City ◽  
Janeiro State

New data on the jumping-spider genus Arnoliseus are presented. Three new species from the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro state are described, based on both sexes: Arnoliseus cariocasp. nov. from the city of Rio de Janeiro, and Arnoliseus hastatussp. nov. and Arnoliseus falcatussp. nov. from the municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu. The genus’ genital morphology is discussed in detail and new English terminology for their structures is created. An identification key for all Arnoliseus species is given.

CALCIUM AND STRONTIUM MODEL AS FUNCTION OF AGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-752
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Calcium Fluxes ◽  
Table Viii ◽  
Strontium 90

Coefficients at the midpoints of 30-day intervals are summarized in Tables XXXVI–XXXVIII. Calcium intake and retention as a function of age were taken from Tables VI and XII, respectively, and corrected according to Appendix C. Strontium intake was derived similarly from Table XV. The procedures by which the other values in Tables XXXVI and XXXVII were computed are summarized in Table XXXIX. The growth of the infant was assumed to begin 8 days after birth. Calcium fluxes at age 8 and 16 days were estimated to be the same as those in the following 30-day interval (see Table XXXVI), except for the total retention value taken from Table XII. Strontium intakes were taken to be 420 µg per day at these ages, based on an estimated strontium/calcium ratio of 0.9 mg per gram for a diet consisting mostly of formula. These estimates enable one to compute the accumulation of calcium and strontium between birth and the ages at which data were collected. Although several sets of values are given to three digits, these are presented only for internal consistency when computing fluxes; the accuracy of the values is represented better in Figures 15 and 21. Note, for example, that values of calcium in feces in Table XXXVI differ by several milligrams per day from directly measured values in Table VIII. All values in Table XXXVIII, except the strontium intake (which is identical to values in Table XXXVII), were obtained by trial-and-error fitting of strontium-90 values in urine and feces to the measured values for 30-day intervals (see Figure 29).

An Approach to a Science of Administration

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1124-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin O. Stene
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Scientific Terms ◽  
Scientific Value

Writers on public administration place much emphasis upon the possibilities and importance of discovering and applying scientific principles in their field of study. But very few of them have ventured to state the basic premises upon which they seek to build that science. Many of those whose writings imply that major principles have been discovered announce, not premises, but conclusions, which, regardless of their practical merits, can hardly be called anything but opinions. On the other hand, several scholars seek to escape from errors of commission by avoiding the use of such scientific terms as “principles” or “efficiency.” If they go beyond descriptive analyses to advocate particular plans of organization or methods of procedure, they use terms which denote value judgments, thereby admitting by implication that they are expressing mere opinions. In a few published discourses, basic premises are stated and reasoning is developed therefrom. However, most of those premises—or “principles”—are referred to by name only, such as “the principle of leadership”; they are not stated in terms of precise causal relations which can be verified or which can serve adequately as bases for further reasoning.It may be regarded as unwise to venture a statement of what one considers the basic premises upon which a science of administration may be built. But every body of theory is built upon fundamental assumptions, either expressed or implied. Moreover, a body of theory is complete, and has scientific value, only when the premises are sufficiently clear to permit objective scrutiny and verification. Erroneous hypotheses, stated precisely, may be more scientific than vague or unexpressed assumptions; for only the former will lend themselves to verification. In other words, trial and error is an essential part of scientific method.

Olfactory cues from conspecifics inhibit the web-invasion behavior of Portia, web-invading araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1415-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne B. Willey ◽  
Robert R. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Aggressive Mimicry ◽  
Jumping Spiders ◽  
Web Geometry ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Conspecific Adult ◽  
Invasion Behavior ◽  
Courtship Displays ◽  
The Web

Portia is a genus of web-invading araneophagic spiders that use aggressive mimicry to capture their spider prey. In an experimental study, we demonstrate that adult females of Portia africana, P. fimbriata, P. labiata, and P. schultzi produce olfactory cues that affect the behavior of conspecific adult males, adult females, and juveniles. The olfactory cues of Portia spp. inhibit aggressive mimicry of conspecific spiders that are on a prey spider's web even if the prey spider is visible. This inhibition occurs regardless of the prey spider's web geometry. Prey pursuit by Portia is also inhibited when conspecific females provide olfactory cues in cases where the prey is a spider inhabiting a web. Olfactory cues from adult females elicit courtship displays of conspecific males when males are on the prey spider's web. Portia spp. do not alter their behavior when exposed to olfactory cues of heterospecifics.

New euophryine jumping spiders from Central and South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3578 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUN-XIA ZHANG ◽  
WAYNE P. MADDISON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
New Genus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jumping Spiders ◽  
Two New Species

Twenty-two new species and one new genus of euophryine jumping spiders from Central America and South America aredescribed. The new genus is Ecuadattus (E. elongatus sp. nov., E. napoensis sp. nov., E. pichincha sp. nov. and the typespecies E. typicus sp. nov.). The other new species belong to the genera Amphidraus (A. complexus sp. nov.), Belliena (B.ecuadorica sp. nov.), Chapoda (C. angusta sp. nov., C. fortuna sp. nov. and C. gitae sp. nov.), Ilargus (I. foliosus sp. nov.,I. galianoae sp. nov., I. macrocornis sp. nov., I. moronatigus sp. nov., I. pilleolus sp. nov. and I. serratus sp. nov.), Maeota(M. dorsalis sp. nov., M. flava sp. nov. and M. simoni sp. nov.), Soesilarishius (S. micaceus sp. nov. and S. ruizi sp. nov.)and Tylogonus (T. parvus sp. nov. and T. yanayacu sp. nov.). Diagnostic illustrations are provided for all new species. Photographs of living spiders are also provided for some new species.

A new species of Chrysilla Thorell, 1887 from China (Araneae: Salticidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3243 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
LU-YU WANG ◽  
ZHI-SHENG ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Type Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
A New Species

The jumping spider genus Chrysilla, established by Thorell (1887) based on the male of C. lauta Thorell, 1887, is insufficiently known. Presently, seven species are included, but none of them is known by both sexes: three of them only by males (C. deelemani Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010; C. doriai Thorell, 1890 and the type species) and the other four only by females (C. albens Dyal, 1935; C. delicata Thorell, 1892; C. kolosvaryi Caporiacco, 1947 and C. pilosa (Karsch, 1878)) (Platnick 2011). Only the type species and C. deelemani from the Southeast Asia seem to belong to Chrysilla. Three species (C. delicata, C. doriai and C. pilosa) need to be revised and the others (C. albens and C. kolosvaryi) are misplaced (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold 2010; Prószyński 2011).

scholarly journals Yield Prediction of Renewable Diesel From Hydrocracking Process as a Function of Pressure and Temperature Using Analytical Semi Empirical Model (ASEM)

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02019
Author(s):  
Handrianto Wijaya ◽  
Bambang Heru Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Prediction ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Renewable Diesel ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Hydrocracking Process ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Semi Empirical

The development of renewable fuels from biomass is very rapid, and becomes the main alternative to replace petroleum-derived fuels that are limited in stock. There has been a lot of experiments to optimize the production of renewable diesel, but it takes time, cost and a lot of trial and error in order to produce a good result. On the other hand, optimization using simulation is more cost and time effective. One of the processes in the production of this renewable fuel is hydrocracking. This experiment aims to study the effect of pressure and temperature in the hydrocracking process using the Analytical Semi Empirical Model (ASEM) method in representing the yield of the product. Mathematical models will be modified and validated using data from existing research. The results show that Analytical Semi Empirical Model can be used to predict the yield of product from hydrocracking, with all of the models show R2 higher than 0.95 and SSE lower than 3.

New euophryine jumping spiders from Southeast Asia and Africa (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3581 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUN-XIA ZHANG ◽  
WAYNE P. MADDISON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Type Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Old World ◽  
Jumping Spiders

Sixteen new species and four new genera of euophryine jumping spiders from the Old World (China, Malaysia and SouthAfrica) are described. The new genera are Chinophrys gen. nov. (type species C. pengi sp. nov.), Foliabitus gen. nov.(type species F. longzhou sp. nov.), Parabathippus gen. nov. (type species Bathippus shelfordi Peckham & Peckham, andnew species P. cuspidatus sp. nov., P. kiabau sp. nov., P. magnus sp. nov.) and Parvattus gen. nov. (type species P. zhui sp.nov.). The other new species belong to the genera Colyttus Thorell, 1891 (C. robustus sp. nov.), Emathis Simon, 1899 (E.gombak sp. nov.), Lagnus L. Koch, 1879 (L. edwardsi sp. nov.), Laufeia Simon, 1889 (L. concava sp. nov. and L. eximiasp. nov.), Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846 (T. latibola sp. nov. and T. tenuis sp. nov.) and Thyenula Simon, 1902 (T. laxa sp. nov.,T. nelshoogte sp. nov. and T. wesolowskae sp. nov.). The following species from Southeast Asia once described as Bathip-pus Thorell, 1892 are transferred to Parabathippus gen. nov.: Bathippus birmanicus Thorell, B. digitalis Zhang, Song &Li, B. macilentus Thorell, B. petrae Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, B. rectus Zhang, Song & Li, B. sedatus Peckham& Peckham and B. shelfordi Peckham & Peckham. Laufeia liujiapingensis Yang & Tang is transferred to Chinophrys gen.nov.. Laufeia scutigeraŻabka is transferred to Foliabitus gen. nov.. Diagnostic illustrations are provided for all of the described new species. Photographs of living spiders are also provided for some new species.

scholarly journals The influence of camouflage and prey type on predatory decisions of jumping spider

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Maciej Bartos
Keyword(s):  
Prey Type ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Jumping Spiders ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Background Matching ◽  
Factors Influencing

Decisions made by predators during predatory encounters are often based on multiple factors that may influence the outcome of the encounters. For stalking predators their visibility to the prey and the ability of their prey to escape may be important factors influencing predatory success. Hence they are likely to adapt their predatory behavior when approaching prey on backgrounds with different camouflaging properties, but only if the prey is able to escape. To test whether jumping spiders flexibly adapt their predatory behavior to camouflaging properties of the background and prey type, the behavior of Yllenus arenarius (Araneae, Salticide), a cryptically colored jumping spider hunting leafhoppers (high escape potential) and caterpillars (low escape potential) on two types of background: matching and non-matching for the spiders was analyzed. Background color had a significant effect on the spiders’ jumping distance and their predatory success, but only if the prey had a high escape potential. No differences occurred between backgrounds if the prey could not escape. On camouflaging background the spiders attacked leafhoppers from a shorter distance and had a higher success than on non-camouflaging background.

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