Description of Bursaphelenchus piceae sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) from larval galleries of the six-toothed spruce bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karsten

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1165-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Tomalak ◽  
Jan J. Pomorski
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Pityogenes Chalcographus ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

Bursaphelenchus piceae sp. n. is described from the bark of Norway spruce, Picea abies. Adults and propagative juveniles of the nematode are found in larval galleries of the six-toothed spruce bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus, while its dauer juveniles aggregate in Malpighian tubules of older larvae, pupae and adult beetles. The new species is characterised by the body length of 719 (530-945) μm in female and 632 (474-808) μm in male, its moderately slender body (a = 41.4 (35.4-50.2) and 42.6 (35.1-47.2) in female and male, respectively), and small spicules (16.0 (14.0-18.3) μm along arc and 13.7 (12.2-15.5) μm along chord). The extended anterior vulval lip in female, lateral fields with four incisures, long post-uterine sac extending for 67-91% of vulva-anus distance, and number (7) and arrangement of male caudal papillae suggest that B. piceae sp. n. is closely related to the xylophilus-group yet it differs by the relatively small, claw-like spicules with no cucullus at the tip. The close relation of B. piceae sp. n. to the xylophilus-group has been confirmed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Morphologically B. piceae sp. n. most closely resembles B. tokyoensis and B. fagi but can be separated from both by the unique shape of the spicules. The taxonomic separation of the new species is also confirmed by the unique molecular profile of the ITS region (ITS-RFLP). The presence of dauer juveniles of B. piceae sp. n. in Malpighian tubules of adult P. chalcographus may lead to extensive damage to this organ as shown by local expansion of the tubule basement membrane and degradation of its cellular epithelium. Detailed phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. piceae sp. n. together with five other bark beetle-associated Bursaphelenchus species, namely B. trypophloei, B. masseyi, B. tiliae, B. tokyoensis and B. fagi, constitutes a small phylogenetic clade that is most closely located to, but separate from, the xylophilus-group.

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Ips typographus (L.) on Picea abies [(L.) H. Karst.] and Pinus sylvestris L. in north-eastern Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jankowiak ◽  
Jacek Hilszczański
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
North Eastern

This study dealt with the species distribution and frequency of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the bark beetle Ips typographus on Norway spruce and Scots pine in north-eastern Poland. At all locations high spruce bark beetle damage has occurred in 2002-2003. Fungi were isolated from beetles and from brood systems of trees infested by the spruce bark beetle. The ophiostomatoid fungi were represented by 13 species. A similar spectrum of ophiostomatoid fungi as that recorded from <em>Picea abies</em> was associated with <em>I. typographus</em> on <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species isolated from beetles, phloem and sapwood of Norway spruce were <em>O. bicolor</em> and <em>O. penicillatum</em>. The frequency of occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi varied significantly among the examined locations. <em>O. bicolor</em> was the most frequently found species on Scots pine infested by <em>I. typographus</em>. The potential role of ophiostomatoid fungi in the epidemiology of <em>I. typographus</em> is discussed. Additionally, we also recorded how the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with spruce bark beetle could grow into phloem and sapwood of <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees.

Characteristics of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) surviving a spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) outbreak

Trees ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jakuš ◽  
M. Edwards-Jonášová ◽  
P. Cudlín ◽  
M. Blaženec ◽  
M. Ježík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

Impacts of European spruce bark beetle infestations on Norway spruce BVOC emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Jaakkola ◽  
Anna Maria Jönsson ◽  
Per-Ola Olsson ◽  
Maj-Lena Linderson ◽  
Thomas Holst
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Healthy Tree ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

&lt;p&gt;Tree killing by spruce bark beetles (&lt;em&gt;Ips typographus&lt;/em&gt;) is one of the main disturbances to Norway spruce (&lt;em&gt;Picea abies&lt;/em&gt;) forests in Europe and the risk of outbreaks is amplified by climate change with effects such as increased risk of storm felling, tree drought stress and an additional generation of spruce bark beetles per year&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;. The warm and dry&amp;#160;summer of&amp;#160;2018 triggered large outbreaks in Sweden, the increased outbreaks are still ongoing and affected&amp;#160;about 8 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#160;forest&amp;#160;in 2020&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;. This is the so&amp;#160;far highest record of trees killed by the spruce bark beetle in a single year in Sweden&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;. In&amp;#160;1990-2010,&amp;#160;the spruce bark beetle killed on&amp;#160;average&amp;#160;150 000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#160;forest per year in southern Sweden&lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt;. Bark beetles normally seek and attack Norway spruces with lowered defense, i.e. trees that are wind-felled or experience prolonged drought stress&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt;. However, as the number of bark beetle outbreaks increase, the risk of attacks on healthy trees also increase&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt;. This causes a higher threat to forest industry, and lowers the possibilities to mitigate climate change in terms of potential decreases in carbon uptake if the forests die&lt;sup&gt;[4,5]&lt;/sup&gt;. Norway spruce trees normally defend themselves by drenching the beetles in resin&lt;sup&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt;. The resin in turn contains different biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can vary if the spruce is attacked by bark beetles or not&lt;sup&gt; [4,6]&lt;/sup&gt;. The most abundant group of terpenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), is most commonly emitted from conifers, such as Norway spruce&lt;sup&gt;[7,8]&lt;/sup&gt;. The aim of this study was to enable a better understanding of the direct defense mechanisms of spruce trees by&amp;#160;quantifying BVOC emissions and its composition&amp;#160;from individual&amp;#160;trees under attack&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To analyze the bark beetles&amp;#8217; impact on Norway spruce trees a method was developed using tree trunk chambers and adsorbent tubes. This enables direct measurements of the production of BVOCs from individual trees. Three different sites in Sweden, with different environmental conditions were used for the study and samples were collected throughout the growing season of 2019. After sampling, the tubes were analyzed in a lab using automated thermal desorption coupled to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer to identify BVOC species and their quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The preliminary results show a strong increase in BVOC emissions from a healthy tree that became infested during the data collection. The finalized results expect to enable better understanding of how spruce trees are affected by insect stress from bark beetles, and if bark beetle infestation will potentially result in increased carbon emission in the form of BVOCs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] J&amp;#246;nsson et al. (2012). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 166: 188&amp;#8211;200&lt;br&gt;[2] Skogsstyrelsen, (2020). https://via.tt.se/pressmeddelande/miljontals-granar-dodades-av-granbarkborren-2020?publisherId=415163&amp;releaseId=3288473&lt;br&gt;[3] Marini et al. (2017). Ecography, 40(12), 1426&amp;#8211;1435.&lt;br&gt;[4] Raffa (1991). Photochemical induction by herbivores. pp. 245-276&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;[5] Seidl, et al. (2014). Nature Climate Change,&amp;#160;4(9), 806-810. &lt;br&gt;[6] Ghimire, et al. (2016).&amp;#160;Atmospheric Environment,&amp;#160;126, 145-152.&lt;br&gt;[7] Niinemets, U. and Monson, R. (2013). ISBN 978-94-007-6606-8&lt;br&gt;[8] Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M. (1999). Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 33(1), pp.23-88&lt;/p&gt;

Inducibility of chemical defenses in Norway spruce bark is correlated with unsuccessful mass attacks by the spruce bark beetle

Oecologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schiebe ◽  
Almuth Hammerbacher ◽  
Göran Birgersson ◽  
Johanna Witzell ◽  
Peter E. Brodelius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

Bursaphelenchus fagi sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), an insect-pathogenic nematode in the Malpighian tubules of the bark beetle, Taphrorychus bicolor (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in European beech, Fagus silvatica L.

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Tomalak ◽  
Anna Filipiak
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Its Region ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Fagus Silvatica ◽  
Taphrorychus Bicolor

Bursaphelenchus fagisp. n. is described from the bark of European beech,Fagus silvatica. All propagative stages of the nematode are numerous in larval galleries of the beech bark beetle,Taphrorychus bicolor, while dauer juveniles aggregate in Malpighian tubules of adult beetles. The new species is characterised by the body length of 871 (763-1110) μm in female and 852 (718-992) μm in male, very slender body (a = 56.8 (50.4-67.1) and 64.5 (56.5-73.8) in female and male, respectively), and spicules 15.2 (14.0-17.0) μm long. The extended anterior vulval lip in female, lateral fields with four incisures, and number (7) and arrangement of male caudal papillae may indicate thatB. fagisp. n. is closely related to thexylophilusgroup. It differs from this group by the relatively small, claw-like spicules with narrow capitulum, indistinct condylus in almost continuous line with dorsal lamina, and lack of distinct cucullus at the spicule tip. The close relation ofB. fagisp. n. with thexylophilusgroup has been confirmed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA region.Bursaphelenchus fagisp. n. most closely resemblesB. tokyoensisandB. idius, but can be separated by differences in the arrangement of the male caudal papillae, a unique feature for each species. The taxonomic separation of the new species is also confirmed by the unique molecular profile of the ITS region (ITS-RFLP). The mass presence of dauer juveniles ofB. fagisp. n. in Malpighian tubules of adultT. bicolorleads to degradation of the tubule cellular epithelium and local expansion of its basement membrane. These changes clearly indicate direct pathogenicity of the nematode to its vector insect. In laboratory rearing,B. fagisp. n. can grow and reproduce onBotryotinia fuckelianacultures.

scholarly journals Occurrence of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) and six-toothed spruce bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) in spruce stands damaged by wind in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Andrzej Borkowski
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Pityogenes Chalcographus ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
European Spruce Bark Beetle

Występowanie kornika drukarzaIps typographus(L.) i rytownika pospolitegoPityogenes chalcographus(L.) w drzewostanach świerkowych uszkodzonych przez wiatr w Górach Świętokrzyskich

scholarly journals A Common Fungal Associate of the Spruce Bark Beetle Metabolizes the Stilbene Defenses of Norway Spruce

2013 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 1324-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hammerbacher ◽  
A. Schmidt ◽  
N. Wadke ◽  
L. P. Wright ◽  
B. Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Fungal Associate

scholarly journals Attractiveness of Picea pungens to the bark beetle species Ips amitinus (Eichh.) and Pityogenes chalcographus (L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kula ◽  
R. Kajfosz ◽  
J. Polívka
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Pityogenes Chalcographus ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Picea Pungens

Only two cambioxylophagous species (Ips amitinus and Pityogenes chalcographus) were found on sections of Picea pungens and Picea abies that belong to economically important pests of Norway spruce. Representatives of the Isarthron sp. (Cerambycidae) were developed on the examined sections of both P. abies and P. pungens. The monitoring of attractiveness of the spruce species P. pungens and P. abies to cambioxylophages revealed that P. pungens was more intensively attacked by I. amitinus while P. chalcographus was more abundant on P. abies. Both bark beetle species preferred shaded parts of tree trunks, although their development was more successful on the sun-exposed side. On P. pungens, abundance of P. chalcographus decreased and abundance of I. amitinus increased with increasing trunk volume. Blue spruce was more attractive to Isarthron sp. compared to Norway spruce.

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