The End of the Line? the Fracturing of Authoritative Tibbi Knowledge in Twentieth-Century India

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Attewell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Pulse Diagnosis ◽  
Authoritative Knowledge ◽  
Family Practitioners ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

This article examines the fissures that emerged between different forms of unani knowledge during the twentieth century in India and, specifically, the disjuncture between unani knowledge derived through institutional training and that gained by apprenticeship to established family practitioners. The first section sketches historically the modes of acquiring knowledge in tibb— through apprenticeship, institutional training, and self-tuition. Discussing the formation of unani institutions in the early twentieth century provides a foundation to explore the locus of authoritative knowledge and practice in tibb and a key to appreciating the kind of knowledge patients and unani practitioners alike consider reliable and genuine. The second section is intended as a counterpoint to this historical discussion. It reports on various forms of contemporary unani practice, mostly within family-based settings. This part highlights the fragility of forms of knowledge that are not a significant part of the curriculum within the network of government-funded and private unani teaching institutions in India. Three distinctive modes of practice in tibb serve as examples: urine diagnosis, pulse diagnosis, and the preparation of medicines.

Stealing Words, Transplanting Images

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-214
Author(s):  
Yu-jen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Chinese Art ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Authoritative Knowledge ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Victoria And Albert Museum

Abstract This article explores how the category “Chinese art” was articulated and consolidated in the early twentieth century by focusing on Stephen Bushell's Chinese Art, the first book in English defined in terms of this category. Bushell's monograph highlights the intercultural character of the category, which was transformed in its content and cultural significance, when ostensibly the same authentic knowledge, articulated in verbal and visual representations, was moved from China to Europe and back again. The article starts by examining how Bushell's insider knowledge of Chinese art was transformed to fit the institutional setting of the Victoria and Albert Museum. It then explores how the authoritative knowledge of Chinese art communicated in Bushell's book was appropriated in China by the journal Guocui xuebao 國粹學報 (Journal of National Essence) in the context of attempts to revive national culture. Both cases involved hitherto unnoticed repetitions of text and images. By analyzing the mechanism informing these repetitions, this article reveals the entangled history behind the distinctive articulations of “Chinese art” in Britain and in China. Moreover, the analysis shows how the same elements, whether words or pictures, acquired a substantially different significance as they moved between cultures. This is exemplified by the formulation of the newly emergent classifying category Zhongguo meishupin 中國美術品 (“Chinese art objects”) in Guocui xuebao.

The Coffee Barons of Cazengo

1978 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Birmingham
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
International Market ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
Modified Forms

When the first anti-slavery legislation was enacted for Angola in 1836, Brazilian planters began to experiment with coffee growing in Africa. They had some success during periods of high coffee prices in the 1850s, 1870s and 1890s, when a couple of dozen estates in the Cazengo district produced slave-grown coffee. Far from being abolished, slavery, in minimally modified forms, survived into the early twentieth century. Traditional slave traders were reluctant to invest in local slave crops and most preferred to supply the slave demands of Säo Tome. In Angola a rival peasant sector also evolved in the coffee business. Black smallholders responded with greater alacrity to opening crop markets than did plantations, and much conflict arose over the sequestration of peasant plots by credit-holding shop-keepers. Although the entire nineteenth-century coffee crop from Angola never amounted to a significant share of the international market, the pattern of land and labour exploitation adopted was revived in the mid-twentieth century when the colony became the world's fourth largest coffee producer. In the coffee slump of the 1890s Cazengo planters diversified into sugar cane which later also became a significant part of the modern agro-industry of Angola.

Children, Learning and Play in the Mengxue bao (The Children's Educator, 1897–1902)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Shih-Wen Sue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Educational Practices ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article examines the image of the child and play in the Mengxue bao (The Children's Educator, 1897–1902), an important but largely neglected children's periodical established by Chinese reformers in the late-nineteenth century, a time when intellectuals who were concerned about China's future began to question dominant educational practices. It focuses on articles that were unusual in illustrating the importance of learning to cultivating ethical behaviour and stimulating resourcefulness through play. The Children's Educator noted the importance of studying, but also encouraged children to play. This recognition that play is a significant part of childhood marks a shift in attitudes towards Chinese children and their relationship with play in the early twentieth century.

The Missions Theology Of Early Pentecost: Call, Challenge, and Opportunity

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-291
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Daher Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Pentecostal Theology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Missionary Service ◽  
Missionary Women

AbstractThis article explores three historical components of Pentecostal theology that influenced Pentecostal missionary women by examining missions after the Pentecostal revival of the early twentieth century. This article presents four case studies of such Pentecostals and their responses to Pentecostal experiences and missionary careers for ongoing theological consideration about what it means to 'Go into all the world' as a Pentecostal. According to this study, the Pentecostal experience and reliance on the Holy Spirit was a significant part of Pentecostal women's call to and empowerment for missions, in facing the challenges of missionary service with Pentecostal eschatology, and in following the biblical mandate and narrative to serve in the power of the Spirit with gospel proclamation and accompanying 'signs and wonders'.

Some Polish Composers of To-Day

Tempo ◽  
1948 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Andrzej Panufnik
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Group ◽  
Karol Szymanowski

It is ten years since KAROL SZYMANOWSKI died at fifty-four. He was the most prominent representative of the “radical progressive” group of early twentieth century composers, which we call “Young Poland.” In their manysided and pioneering efforts they prepared the fertile soil on which Poland's present day's music thrives.

V1214: Edward Loughborough Keyes: An Early Twentieth Century Leader In Urology

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 320-320
Author(s):  
Peter J. Stahl ◽  
E. Darracott Vaughan ◽  
Edward S. Belt ◽  
David A. Bloom ◽  
Ann Arbor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

New insights into the controversy surrounding marine biological laboratory (Marine Station) facilities in the Firth of Clyde in the early twentieth century

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
P. G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Marine Biological Laboratory ◽  
Biological Station ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
Biological Laboratory ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Marine Station ◽  
Regius Professor ◽  
Adjacent Island

Three letters from the Sheina Marshall archive at the former University Marine Biological Station Millport (UMBSM) reveal the pivotal significance of Sheina Marshall's father, Dr John Nairn Marshall, behind the scheme planned by Glasgow University's Regius Professor of Zoology, John Graham Kerr. He proposed to build an alternative marine station facility on Cumbrae's adjacent island of Bute in the Firth of Clyde in the early years of the twentieth century to cater predominantly for marine researchers.

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