REACH Reviewed under WTO Law

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-194
Author(s):  
Pablo Charro ◽  
Marco Bronckers
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Registration Process ◽  
Business Information ◽  
Proportionality Rule ◽  
Eu Commission ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThis contribution analyses the comprehensive chemicals legislation proposed by the EU Commission, "REACH", from the perspective of WTO law. First, it inquires whether the treatment of foreign substances and foreign articles in REACH can be reconciled with one of WTO's key requirements, i.e., non-discrimination. Second, it tests specific aspects of the registration obligation established by REACH (i.e., the "volumes-driven" approach, the follow-up to the registration process, the underlying foundations of REACH's cost-benefit analysis) against the proportionality rule embodied in the WTO's Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Third, it asks whether the protection of confidential business information in REACH is compatible with the WTO rules on intellectual property protection (notably, the TRIPS Agreement). It results from the present analysis that REACH poses considerable challenges not only under EU law, but also under WTO law.

scholarly journals Representation through the eyes of the voter: a cost-benefit analysis of European integration

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-197
Author(s):  
Gabriela Borz
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Perfect Match ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
High Drive ◽  
European Parliament Elections ◽  
The Eu

This article explains variation in the quality of representation in the context of European Parliament elections. Specifically, it clarifies how voters relate to political parties on the issue of European integration and whether they are represented, misrepresented, or indifferent to this issue. The analysis shows that perceived benefits of European integration do drive a perfect voter-party match while perceived costs, when high, drive a perfect match between Eurosceptic voters and likeminded parties and make voters less indifferent. The analysis draws attention to the high number ofstatus quovoters who, in the absence of a party with similar views, could channel their vote towards a party promoting integration, but only if their knowledge about the EU and its benefits increases.

Cost analysis and cost-benefit analysis of a medication review with follow-up service in aged polypharmacy patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1069-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Malet-Larrea ◽  
Estíbaliz Goyenechea ◽  
Miguel A. Gastelurrutia ◽  
Begoña Calvo ◽  
Victoria García-Cárdenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Medication Review ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis

scholarly journals Costing Distance Ed: Experience-Based Practices

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary R. Schornack ◽  
Charles E. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Program Analysis ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Distance Learning System ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Many

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">To respond creatively to the many new opportunities of distance education, the educational community can benefit from a comprehensive view of the distance learning system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The Process Model for Program Analysis outlines a five-step process to examine all aspects of the system:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Input, Purpose, Method, Implementation, and Feedback.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Inputs include physical and faculty resources, while assumptions include educational philosophy and culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Purpose includes specific objectives and the intended audiences for the program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Method includes the medium used to convey ideas and the process used to put them together including expenditures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Implementation combines purpose, method, and estimated costs to conduct the actual program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Feedback includes follow-up with students and the community, cost-benefit analysis, and adaptation based on the research findings.</span></p>

scholarly journals Developing Novel Technologies and Services for Intelligent Low Voltage Electricity Grids: Cost–Benefit Analysis and Policy Implications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Alemu Moges Belay ◽  
Sanket Puranik ◽  
Ramon Gallart-Fernández ◽  
Heidi Tuiskula ◽  
Joaquim Melendez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Eu

The paper presents a set of prototype smart grid technologies and services and validates the economic viability of the proposed solution using cost–benefit analysis (CBA). The study considered the EU-funded project called RESOLVD and implemented the technologies and services in a real-life pilot. the technologies and services on the EU-funded H2020. The paper focuses on the analysis of technological solutions which enhance the operational efficiency and the hosting capacity of low-voltage electricity distribution grids. The solutions provided better integration of a hybrid battery storage system, with the grid interfacing power electronics, smart gateways for the interconnection of assets at the grid edge, and sensors enhancing infrastructure observability and control. The result from the CBA indicates the economic viability of the project, high scalability, and replicability. The economic benefits were realized with the breakeven value of eight secondary substations (SS) and 16 feeders. The scenario test on the DSO’s willingness to pay for the software as a service (SaaS) revealed that the payback period can further be reduced by almost half with a higher internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). Both the CBA and scenario tests showed RESOLVD solution can become more economically viable when deployed in largescale. Moreover, the CBA results provide evidence to the energy policy by allowing DSOs to consider both CAPEX and OPEX for better investment decisions. Further, the paper proposes an alternative business approach that shifts from grid reinforcement to service provision. The paper also discusses the research implications on energy policy and business.

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