scholarly journals Costing Distance Ed: Experience-Based Practices

Author(s):  
Gary R. Schornack ◽  
Charles E. Beck

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">To respond creatively to the many new opportunities of distance education, the educational community can benefit from a comprehensive view of the distance learning system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The Process Model for Program Analysis outlines a five-step process to examine all aspects of the system:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Input, Purpose, Method, Implementation, and Feedback.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Inputs include physical and faculty resources, while assumptions include educational philosophy and culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Purpose includes specific objectives and the intended audiences for the program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Method includes the medium used to convey ideas and the process used to put them together including expenditures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Implementation combines purpose, method, and estimated costs to conduct the actual program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Feedback includes follow-up with students and the community, cost-benefit analysis, and adaptation based on the research findings.</span></p>

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1069-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Malet-Larrea ◽  
Estíbaliz Goyenechea ◽  
Miguel A. Gastelurrutia ◽  
Begoña Calvo ◽  
Victoria García-Cárdenas ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Hausken

Purpose Among the many perspectives to analyze war, such as rational actor, organizational process, governmental politics and ethics, the perspective that actually incorporates the costs and benefits into a systematic theoretical structure has hardly been analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the costs and benefits perspective. Design/methodology/approach Three kinds of value are distinguished, i.e. human, economic and influence. Different actors (politicians, populations, stakeholders, etc). assign different weights to the three kinds of value. Six gradually more complicated models are developed. The first subtracts losses from gains for the three kinds of value. Thereafter, the paper accounts for multiple periods, time discounting, attitude towards risk, multiple stakeholders, subcategories for the three kinds of value, sequential decision-making and game theory. Findings The rich theoretical structure enables assessing costs and benefits more systematically and illuminatingly. The cost benefit analysis is illustrated with the 2003-2011 Iraq War. The paper estimates gained and lost value of human lives, economic value and influence value, and show how different weights impact the decision of whether to initiate war differently. Originality/value The paper provides scientists and policy makers with a theoretical structure within which to evaluate the costs and benefits of war, accounting for how different actors estimate weights, the future, risk and a variety of parameter values differently.


Author(s):  
Lianawati Christian ◽  
Ribka Rosalina ◽  
Melissa Melissa ◽  
Rosalia Rosalia

This study aims to identify whether the information system used by a sea food restaurant has been efficient and effective. It can support decision making for follow-up actions. The methodology used in this study is literature study, interview, and survey. To evaluate the effectiveness of operational information systems at the restaurant, we use cost benefit analysis. To evaluate whether the operational information system is efficient, we use questionnaire with Likert scale calculations. Based on the evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency ofoperational information system at the restaurant, it can be seen there is a difference between investment in 2004-2009 and investment in 2010. From the results of calculation using cost benefit analysis to determine the effectiveness, we find that investment in 2004 was positive while investment in 2010 is still negative. Based on the results of questionnaires, the investments are considered efficient. Based on the evaluation, information systems used in sea food restaurant has been effective and efficient. The return on investment only takes less than two years and the information systems supports operational activities.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter C. Smits ◽  
Pietro L. Laforgia ◽  
Mohamed Abdel-Wahab ◽  
Franz-Josef Neumann ◽  
Gert Richardt ◽  
...  

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo A. Audisio ◽  
Paolo Setti-Carraro ◽  
Marco Segala ◽  
Deborah Capko ◽  
Bruno Andreoni ◽  
...  

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