Phylogenetic analysis and redefinition of the maculata species group of Epicauta (Meloidae: Meloinae: Epicautini)

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Paula Campos-Soldini ◽  
Roig-Juñent Sergio Alberto
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
New Host ◽  
The North

A cladistic analysis based on 81 morphological characters was performed in order to determine the phylogenetic relationships of 11 species ofEpicautafrom South America. We find that the 11 South American species constitute a monophyletic group together with all the North American species of theEpicauta maculatagroup. Within this clade, the 11 species from South America conforms an apical monophyletic group within theE. maculatagroup. We propose to maintain the validity of theEpicauta maculatagroup, but also to redefine it with new characters. The South American species of theEpicauta maculatagroup are also described and illustrated. We propose the following nomenclatural changes:Epicauta rosilloiMartínez, junior synonym ofEpicauta minutepunctataBorchmann;Epicauta fourcadeiDenier, junior synonym ofEpicauta fulvicornis(Burmeister), andEpicauta breyeriDenier, junior synonym ofEpicauta nigropunctataBlanchard. We provide an identification key, new host plant associations, and updated geographic distribution.

Cladistic analysis of the genus Dichaetophora Duda (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and a revised classification

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori J. Toda ◽  
Yao-Guang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Species Groups

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships among the genus Dichaetophora, the genus Nesiodrosophila and the Lordiphosa tenuicauda species-group and some possibly related genera of Drosophilinae were analyzed in this study using 30 morphological characters derived from 34 species. It is concluded that the three taxa constitute a monophyletic group, within which three monophyletic groups are recognized: Dichaetophora + Nesiodrosophila comprise a monophyletic group, while the L. tenuicauda group is divided into two monophyletic groups. This clade is revised as the genus Dichaetophora, with its three constituent monophyletic groups treated as new specis-groups: the agbo, the tenuicauda and the acutissima groups. Nesiodrosophila becomes a junior synonym. A key to the species-groups is provided.

scholarly journals Identification key to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). III. Male genitalia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Anice Mureb Sallum ◽  
Ranulfo González Obando ◽  
Nancy Carrejo ◽  
Richard C. Wilkerson
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
South American ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Accurate Identification

Abstract Background Accurate identification of the species of Anopheles Meigen, 1818 requires careful examination of all life stages. However, morphological characters, especially those of the females and fourth-instar larvae, show some degree of polymorphism and overlap among members of species complexes, and sometimes even within progenies. Characters of the male genitalia are structural and allow accurate identification of the majority of species, excluding only those in the Albitarsis Complex. In this key, based on the morphology of the male genitalia, traditionally used important characters are exploited together with additional characters that allow robust identification of male Anopheles mosquitoes in South America. Methods Morphological characters of the male genitalia of South American species of the genus Anopheles were examined and employed to construct a comprehensive, illustrated identification key. For those species for which specimens were not available, illustrations were based on published illustrations. Photographs of key characters of the genitalia were obtained using a digital Canon Eos T3i attached to a light Diaplan Leitz microscope. The program Helicon Focus was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure. Results An illustrated key to South American species of Anopheles based on the morphology of the male genitalia is presented, together with a glossary of morphological terms. The male genitalia of type-specimens of previously poorly documented species were also examined and included in the key, e.g. Anopheles (Anopheles) tibiamaculatus (Neiva, 1906) which has a unique quadrangular-shaped aedeagus with an apical opening. Conclusions Male genitalia of South American species of Anopheles possess robust characters that can be exploited for accurate species identification. Distortion that can occur during the dissection and mounting process can obstruct accurate identification; this is most evident with inadvertent damage or destruction of unique features and interferes with correctly assigning shapes of the features of the ventral claspette. In some species, the shape, and anatomical details of the aedeagus also need to be examined for species identification. For members of the Myzorhynchella Series, both ventral and dorsal claspettes possess multiple characteristics that are herein used as reliable characters for species identification.

Revision of the South American species of Austrothaumalea Tonnoir (Diptera: Thaumaleidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4853 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. PIVAR ◽  
BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR ◽  
JOHN K. MOULTON
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

The Austrothaumalea fauna of South America is revised and includes five species: A. apicalis Edwards, A. chilensis Edwards, A. fredericki Pivar sp. nov., A. setipennis Edwards stat. rev. and A. spatulata Schmid. The genus Oterere McLellan syn. nov. is considered a new junior synonym of Austrothaumalea Tonnoir on the basis of several shared apomorphic characters. All previously described South American species are redescribed, including females where possible. Illustrations and micrographs of all species are provided, as well as distribution maps, keys to genera and species, and discussions regarding phylogenetic affinities. 

A taxonomic revision of the South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5027 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-86
Author(s):  
EVERTON E. NAZARÉ-SILVA ◽  
FERNANDO A.B. SILVA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
South America ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Three New Species

The South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini) are reviewed. In this work, 10 valid species and two subspecies are recognized for the genus. Among these species, five are recorded in South America, including three new species: P. perplexus (LeConte, 1847), P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847), P. vazdemelloi new species, P. pantanensis new species, and P. chaquensis new species. A lectotype is designated for P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847). In this revision, each species is analyzed as follows: a detailed literature review, an identification key for the South American species, a diagnosis, descriptions, illustrations of key morphological characters, list of examined material, and geographic distribution.  

White Flowers in South America: A New Species of Antiphytum (Echiochiloideae, Boraginaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-920
Author(s):  
Nidia Mendoza-Díaz ◽  
Marina Díaz ◽  
Patricia Brussa ◽  
Fabián Muñoz ◽  
José M. Bonifacino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
The North ◽  
A New Species

Abstract—Antiphytum charruasorum, a new endemic species from western Uruguay, is described. This is the only South American species in the genus with white corolla and an infra-medial cicatrix on the ventral face of the eremocarp, both features shared with the North American species of Antiphytum, in sharp contrast with the blue corolla and the basal cicatrix at the end of a stipe-like prolongation that characterizes all South American species in the genus. Antiphytum charruasorum increases the diversity of the genus in South America, as well as the endemism and distribution range into Uruguay. Moreover, this new species adds novel features in Antiphytum such as the irregularly dichasial inflorescences, the hirsute faucal appendages, the eremocarps with a tissue plug from the gynobase, and the habitat where the species has been reported.

Mecyclothorax palikea sp.n. from the Waianae Range, Oahu, and the biogeographical history of Hawaii's M. flavomarginatus species group (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Moriomorphini)

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Liebherr ◽  
Paul D. Krushelnycky
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Species

Abstract Mecyclothorax palikea, sp.n. is described from the vicinity of Palikea, southern Waianae Range, Oahu, HI, USA and is assigned to Britton's Mecyclothorax flavomarginatus species group. Cladistic analysis, based on 20 morphological characters and including several outgroup taxa, places Mecyclothorax impunctatus Liebherr of Molokai as adelphotaxon to the other eight species of the group, with subsequent speciation events successively isolating M. sharpi Britton of West Maui versus a clade of seven Oahu species. Phylogenetic relationships among the Oahu clade species posit three historical speciation events vicariating ancestors on the western Waianae and eastern Koolau Ranges. Mecyclothorax palikea is placed as adelphotaxon to M. carteri (Perkins), a species allopatrically distributed to the north in the Waianae, corroborating existence of southern and northern areas of endemism within the Waianae Range. Relative ages of the respective volcanoes housing M. flavomarginatus group species — Waianae (3.7 million years ago), Koolau (2.6 million years ago), Eastern Molokai (1.8 million years ago), West Maui (1.3 million years ago)—imply that ancestral occupation of Oahu by this group occurred subsequent to completion of the shield building phases of Oahu's two volcanoes, Waianae and Koolau. Diversification within the group on Oahu was associated with vicariance events that occurred within a terrestrial environment. Whereas all four species of the M. flavomarginatus group occupying Waianae Range habitats have been observed recently in nature, collection of M. flavomarginatus in 1906 represents the most recent record for any M. flavomarginatus group species in the Koolau Range, indicating the importance of conserving appropriate Waianae Range habitats in order to preserve representative biodiversity in this species group.

The jumping plant-lice of the Neotropical genus Tainarys (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) associated with Anacardiaceae

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4232 (4) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL BURCKHARDT ◽  
DALVA L. QUEIROZ
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
South American ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Dominican Amber ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
East West

The Neotropical psyllid genus Tainarys Brèthes, 1920 is revised to include 14 extant and one fossil species from Dominican amber. Eight species are described as new, viz. Tainarys aroeira sp. nov., T. atra sp. nov., T. hapla sp. nov., T. myracrodrui sp. nov., T. nigricornis sp. nov., T. didyma sp. nov. and T. orientalis sp. nov. from Brazil, the last two also from Uruguay, as well as T. lozadai sp. nov. from Peru. The fifth instar immatures are described for nine species. †Vicinilura Klimaszewski, 1996, erected for the fossil †V. reposta Klimaszewski, 1996 and previously synonymised with Leurolophus Tuthill, 1942, is synonymised here (syn. nov.) with Tainarys and †V. reposta is transferred to become †Tainarys reposta (Klimaszewski), comb. nov. The descriptions are supplemented by illustrations and keys for the identification of adults and immatures. Phylogenetic relationships between species are investigated with a cladistic analysis using 22 adult and six immature morphological characters. The analysis resulted in a single most parsimonious, fully resolved tree. The fossil species is nested within the genus rather than being the sister taxon of the remainder of species. The extant species are restricted to the subtropical and temperate parts of South America. Three pairs of sister clades display an east‒west South American and one a midwest‒southern Brazilian geographical vicariance. Host plants are confirmed for nine and likely for another four species. They are Astronium, Haplorhus, Myracrodruon, Schinopsis and Schinus (Anacardiaceae). All Tainarys species appear to be oligophagous inducing irregular leaf curls on their hosts. 

Key to South American genera of Acanthocinini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) with erect setae on elytral surface

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4789 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-553
Author(s):  
MIGUEL A. MONNÉ ◽  
ANTONIO SANTOS-SILVA ◽  
MARCELA L. MONNÉ
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
South American ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
New Synonymy

A key for identification of the 45 genera of Acanthocinini with erect setae on the elytra and which occur in South America is provided. A new synonymy is proposed for Trichonyssodrys Gilmour, 1957 (junior synonym of Pentheochaetes Melzer, 1932), resulting in new combinations for the following species: Pentheochaetes aureopilosa (Monné, 1990), P. cincta (Delfino, 1981), P. maculata (Gilmour, 1957), P. melasma (Delfino, 1981), and P. nessimiani (Monné & Monné, 2012). The gender of the species-group names in Pentheochaetes is corrected. Diagnosis for each genus is provided, as well as type-locality and geographical distribution of the type-species. 

Notes on South American Carex section Schiedeanae and description of the new species Carex roalsoniana

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO JIMÉNEZ-MEJÍAS ◽  
MARCIAL ESCUDERO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern South America

The new species Carex roalsoniana (Cyperaceae) from Ecuador and Peru (northern South America) is here described and illustrated. It is related to C. subandrogyna, a species that has been placed in section Schiedeanae. An additional incertae sedis species, Carex lepida from Ecuador, may also be related to them. Section Schiedanae is a morphologically well-defined group previously known from southern North America (southern USA and Mexico), and southern South America (northern Argentina and southern Bolivia). The new species presents very clear-cut characters that distinguish it from all the other members of the section. Specifically, C. roalsoniana and C. subandrogyna differ in utricle morphology (3.6–4.1 mm long, with a beak 0.5–1.2 mm in C. roalsoniana vs. 2.4–2.9 mm long, with a beak up to 0.3 mm long or beakless in C. subandrogyna) and leaves (up to 3–4 mm wide, stiff, in C. roalsoniana vs. up to 5.6–7.5 mm wide, very soft in C. subandrogyna). Carex lepida is easily distinguished from C. roalsoniana and C. subandrogyna because its habit (rhizomes elongated vs. rhizomes densely caespitose) and number of stigmas (two vs. three). The glabrous nerveless utricles of the three South American species distinguish them from the North American species of the section, which have scabrid to hispidulous, conspicuously nerved utricles. The formal ascription of C. lepida among the South American members of section Schiedeanae is also discussed. A brief key to distinguish C. lepida and C. roalsoniana from the other species of the section and the co-occurring species is provided.

scholarly journals Systematics of the South American species of Cylindrostethus Mayr, 1865 (Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Gerridae), with a new species from Amazonian Brazil and Peru

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Fernanda Burguez Floriano ◽  
Andressa Paladini ◽  
Rodney Ramiro Cavichioli
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Cylindrical Body ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Water Striders ◽  
Amazonian Brazil ◽  
A New Species

Water striders (pond skaters) occur worldwide and are conspicuous in most aquatic environments, but the taxonomy of many groups remains unresolved. Here we revise the South American species of the Palaeo- and Neotropically distributed Cylindrostethus Mayr, 1865, a genus characterised by its long, cylindrical body and fast jumping-gliding locomotion. Using a cladistic analysis of morphological characters, we confirm the subdivision of Neotropical Cylindrostethus into two major groups. Nine species of Cylindrostethus are recognised from South America, one of which was recently discovered in Amazonian Brazil and Peru: C. bassleri Drake, 1952; C. bilobatus Kuitert, 1942; C. drakei, sp. nov.; C. hungerfordi Drake & Harris, 1934; C. linearis (Erichson, 1848); C. meloi Floriano & Cavichioli, 2013; C. palmaris Drake & Harris, 1934; C. podargus Drake, 1958; C. regulus (White, 1879). Two species are placed in synonymy: (C. podargus = C. stygius Drake, 1961, syn. nov.); (C. linearis = C. erythropus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850), syn. nov.). A key to the nine species is provided, along with detailed descriptions and illustrations.

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