WJ-40: Implicature, truth, and meaning

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Horn
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Paul Grice

Abstract40-plus years ago Paul Grice initiated modern pragmatics by defining a relation of conversational implicature within a general theory of cooperation and rationality. While critics have disputed the formulation and derivation of Gricean principles, the overall framework, with appropriate emendations, remains the most natural and explanatory approach to predicting constraints on lexical incorporation, the behavior of scalar predicates, pragmatic strengthening, and other linguistic phenomena. Despite recent arguments for an enriched conception of propositional content, a range of real and fictional exchanges bearing on the distinction between lying and misleading supports the neo-Gricean view of an austere conception of what is said.

How implicatures make Grice an unordinary ordinary language philosopher

Pragmatics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 247-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lüthi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
Linguistic Pragmatics ◽  
Theoretical Position ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Paul Grice ◽  
Tremendous Impact

Since Paul Grice first propounded his ideas surrounding conversation and implicature in 1967, they have had a continuous and tremendous impact on theorizing, and indeed on the design of entire research programmes, in philosophy, but also in many other disciplines, in particular linguistic pragmatics. Much of what builds on Grice’s original suggestions now belongs to the most powerful hypotheses in the respective fields. But while scholars outside philosophy usually acknowledge Grice’s merits for their own areas of interest, they hardly ever pay attention to his original philosophical intentions. These intentions are the central topic of the present paper. Its primary concern is to show how the theory of conversational implicature enabled Grice to adopt a unique theoretical position within 20th century analytic philosophy. In doing so, it also hopes to eliminate a number of widespread misconceptions regarding the explanatory ambitions of Grice’s original theory.

Illocution and Speaker Intent in Coptic: the Case of the ‘Autofocal’ Second Tenses

2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Uljas
Keyword(s):  
Information Value ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
What Is Said

Summary:It is suggested that the so-called ‘autofocal’ second tenses attested in Coptic are characterised by uniform illocutionary properties. In most and perhaps all cases these constructions seem to appear when speakers view the propositional content of what is said as unacceptable, invalid, or, less often, defective in terms of its information value. It is shown that cross-linguistic parallels to these uses are readily forthcoming from other languages, where propositions of similar sort are regularly coded with subjunctive and corresponding forms.

scholarly journals Wittgenstein on Metaphor

Scripta ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (40) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Diogo de França Gurgel
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Dimension ◽  
Paul Grice

<p>In this work, I examine Wittgenstein’s possible contributions to an elucidation of the grammatical status of certain metaphors – often found in theoretical and speculative texts – which resist an approach based on the assumption of a clear split between the fields of pragmatics and semantics. I take as examples of works that depart from this assumption Elizabeth Camp’s Contextualism, Metaphor and What is said (which explores the lines suggested by Paul Grice), and John Searle’s Expression and Meaning. Both rely on a distinction between speaker’s meaning (utterance meaning) and sentence meaning to explain the nature of metaphor. They assume that the very metaphorical operation involves meaning something instead of saying something. But it is anything but obvious that, when we consider, e.g., the following metaphor of Philosophical Investigations: “A picture held us prisoners” (§115), we can assume that we are facing a non-descriptive use of language. I argue that Wittgenstein himself can provide us with tools to examine a possible descriptive function of this kind of sentence when he develops his grammatical research methods which: a) are not focused on the linguistic dimension of a sentence but on the linguistic dimension of discourse; b) bring up the issue of language learning; c) lead us to ask if certain metaphors could not work as modifiers of convictions, i.e., if they could not act directly on what Wittgenstein once called Weltbild.</p><p><br />Keywords: Metaphor. Wittgenstein. Weltbild. Saying. Meaning.</p>

scholarly journals SOBRE A DETERMINAÇÃO CONTEXTUAL DO QUE É DITO

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (145) ◽  
pp. 173-194
Author(s):  
Eduardo Marchesan
Keyword(s):  
What Is Said ◽  
Paul Grice ◽  
François Recanati

RESUMO Duas versões contemporâneas do contextualismo radical em filosofia da linguagem, uma defendida por François Recanati e outra por Charles Travis, centram sua crítica à distinção tradicional entre semântica e pragmática na categoria de dito (what is said), tal como descrita por Paul Grice. Ambas as versões se contrapõem à ideia de que o que é dito é determinado plenamente pelo significado convencional da sentença proferida acrescido da fixação do valor de elementos indexicais. Ambas sustentam, a partir desta crítica, que uma enunciação não necessariamente expressa um conteúdo proposicional associado ao significado literal da sentença. Neste artigo, busco mostrar que a partilha desta tese negativa geral esconde divergências importantes. Centrando minha análise na reformulação feita por Recanati da categoria de what is said, busco mostrar como ela se organiza a partir da preservação e radicalização de princípios essenciais da pragmática griceana, bem como da ideia de que elementos subsentencias possuem um conteúdo proposicional mínimo atrelado à sua significação. Em seguida, busco apontar como a negação total da pragmática griceana e deste mínimo proposicional por Travis não apenas revela uma divergência profunda em relação a Recanati, mas gera problemas para a tentativa de reestruturação da noção de what is said.

scholarly journals IMPLICATURE OF THE UTTERANCES AT COURT: A PRAGMATICS STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
Arfian Hikmat Ramdan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Maxim Of Quality ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

In everyday conversations, there have been found some non-observe to the principle of cooperation which result in different interpretations (implicature). It is a situation where the speaker wants to convey a meaning that is more than the word spoken. Conversational Implicature is intended for the hearer to understand what is said by the speaker; to interpret, to suggest or to explain something. The purpose of the research was to reveal the implicature of speech acts that occur in court in cases of murder of human rights activists. The result of the research is then analyzed with the aim of getting the expected findings. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The data from the research are in the form of text of utterances in the court taken from the internet. The results of this research indicate that the implicature which indicated by evidence of a lie was 15 utterances or 16.8% from 89 utterances or 83.2%. The utterances that was produced included non-observe to one maxim; maxim of quality, non-observe to two maxim; maxim of quality and quantity, and non-observe to three maxim; maxim of manner, quantity, quality and maxim of manner, relevance, quality.

scholarly journals الملازمات بين المعاني في مفتاح العلوم للسكاكي: مقاربات تداولية في ضوء نظرية الاستلزام الحواري (Consistency between Meanings in Miftāḥ al-ʿulūm by Al-Sakākiyy: A Pragmatic Approach in The Light of Conversational Implicature Theory)

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
باديس لهويمل (Badis Lihoeml)
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
John Searle ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Indirect Speech Acts ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Paul Grice

ملخص البحث:يهدف هذا المقال إلى عرض مقارنة بين نظرية الاستلزام الحواري لـ"بول غرايس" وبعض مقترحات السكاكي في علم البيان، خاصةً في التشبيه والمجاز والكناية عبر الإجابة عن الإشكالية الآتية: ما نوع العلاقة المعرفية التي تربط بين ما جاء به السكاكي في علم البيان، وما أتى به بول غرايس وجون سيرل في وصفهما للاستلزام الحواري، والأفعال الكلامية غير المباشرة على التوالي؟ وصلت الدراسة إلى بعض النتائج المهمة، ومنها: لعلّ هذه الإطلالة والمقابلة بين "السّكاكي" من جهة و"جون سيرل" و"بول غرايس" من جهة أخرى، فيما يخصّ المعنى غير الحرفي أو المعنى غير الطبيعي، تعكس قدرة المفتاح على القرض والاقتراض مع النّظريات اللّسانية الحديثة مثل التّداولية واللّسانيات الوظيفية، ممّا يبيّن عمق الرّؤية البلاغيّة والتّداولية للسّكاكي في تحليله لمنطق اللّغة العربيّة وبحثه عن المعنى فيها.                                                                      الكلمات المفتاحية: الاستلزام الحواري-السّكاكي-التشبيه-المجاز-الاستعـارة. Abstract:This article aims to highlight the difference between Paul Grice and John Searle’s theory of Conversational Implicature and some of as Sukaky suggestions in ‘ilm al Bayan, specifically in simile, allegory and metonymy in answering the following: what are the common characteristics shared by as Sukaky in ‘ilm al Bayan and Paul Grice and John Searle as far as conversational implicature and indirect speech acts are concerned. The major conclusion of this study is: hopefully the discussion and comparison between as Sukaky on one side and Paul Grice and John Searle on the other, particularly on the issue of direct meaning and unnatural meaning, would be able to show a close link between modern linguistics theory e.g. pragmatics and functional linguistics and rhetoric and pragmatics views as thoroughly presented by as Sukaky in his analysis of the logic of Arabic Language and its meaning.Keywords: Conversational Implicature- as Sukaky- Simile- Allegory- Personification.Abstrak:Artikel ini akan mengemukakan perbandingan antara teori implikasi Paul Grice dan beberapa pandangan as-Sakakiyy dalam ilmu Retorik, khususnya dalam perumpamaan, metafora dan kiasan, dengan menjawab persoalan-persoalan berikut: apakah perkaitan antara pandangan as-Sakakiyy dalam ilmu Retorik serta Paul Grice dan John Searle tentang teori implikasi serta tindakan lisan secara tidak langsung? Perbandingan antara ketiga-tiga padangan dari segi maksud bukan literal atau tidak normal, mencerminkan kelebihan karya Miftahul ‘Ulum yang mampu beradaptasi dengan teori-teori liguistik baru seperti liguistik pragmatik dan fungsi, yang membayangkan ketelitian pandangan retorik serta pragmatik oleh as-Sakakiyy dalam perbahasan logika dan makna dalam Bahasa Arab.  Kata kunci: Teori Implikasi- as-Sakakiyy– Perumpamaan– Metafora– Personifikasi.

Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Crimston ◽  
Matthew J. Hornsey
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Biological Markers ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Special Case

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.

Review of A General Theory of Crime.

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1225-1225
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
General Theory Of Crime ◽  
Theory Of Crime
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