Herbert Paul Grice. Meaning

The Ukrainian translation of Paul Grice's article "Meaning". Translated by Yaroslav Petik and Dmytro Sepetyi: Grice, H., P. (Jul., 1957). Meaning. The Philosophical Review, Vol.66, 3, 377-388.

La manipulación del lenguaje literario: un análisis pragmático de La caverna de José Saramago

Este trabajo pretende analizar doce fragmentos de la obra La caverna de José Saramago, a través de los principios pragmáticos de John Austin, de John Searle y especialmente de los principios de Paul Grice. Esto, para evidenciar las múltiples violaciones abiertas del principio de cooperación y de las máximas conversacionales, actos insinceros, silencios y reducciones en los actos comunicativos de los personajes, que son provocados por la influencia del Centro Comercial. Lo anterior permitirá concluir, desde los aspec- tos literarios y pragmáticos, que el escritor utiliza el lenguaje a través de la figura del Centro Comercial, para manipular los actos comunicativos de los personajes de la obra. Esto para demostrar que propuestas como la de Mary Louise Pratt, que plantea utilizar la pragmática para analizar una obra literaria, son po- sibles.

Pragmatic Analysis of the Little Match

Generally, in social science and specifically in Linguistics, the basic purpose of cooperative principles is to describe how people achieve effective communication in social situations. It elaborates how listeners and speakers act effectively and cooperatively, understanding each other in a particular way. Paul Grice introduced it in his pragmatic theory, ‘we make our contribution effective in conversation according to the requirement at the given stage at which it occurs, accepting the purpose and direction of the talk exchange in which we are engaged.’ The short story “The Little Match Girl” is analyzed by applying the four maxims with the objective of better understanding of the text. It also analyzes whether all four maxims can be applied in one type of text and their presence can enhance the understanding of the text as well. The aim of the analysis is to mark the stylistic effect of Grice’s principles that may contribute to the better comprehension of the narrative from pedagogical point of view.

Perceiving Images and Styles

Marks individually or in combination constitute images that represent objects. How do those images represent those objects? Marks vary in style, both between and within images. Images also vary in style. How do those styles relate to each other and to the objects that those images represent? Referencing a diverse range of images, we answer the first question with a response-dependence theory of image representation derived from Mark Johnston, differentiating Lockean primary qualities of marks from secondary qualities of images. We answer the second question with a perceptual theory of style derived from Paul Grice, differentiating physical style from image style, and representing conventionally from representing conversationally.

Aturan Percakapan Aa Gym dalam Dakwah

Sekian banyak ustadz yang berdakwah, Aa Gym adalah salah satu ustadz yang menarik untuk diteliti, lantaran perkataan nya banyak membuat orang tafakur dan sadar diri, sehingga banyak para jamaah yang bertergantungan untuk hadir secara rutin ke pengajian nya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aturan percakapan Aa Gym dalam dakwah nya, yang meliputi : bagaimana perkataan kuantitasnya, perkataan berkualitasnya, perkataan relevannya, dan perkataan berprilakunya. Sehingga menarik untuk dibahas. Adapun metode yang digunakan adalah Metode penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif, dimaksudkan agar mempermudah mendeskripsikan suatu kasus yang lebih spesifik. Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa dakwah Aa Gym memenuhi standart teori aturan percakapan yang ditemukan oleh Paul Grice yang mana percakapan Aa Gym dengan jamaah nya menggunakan perkataan berkuantitas (quantity maxim), perkataan berkualitas (quality maxim), perkataan relevan (relevancy maxim) maupun perkataan berprilaku (manner maxim). Adapun penelitian ini memperkaya kajian komunikasi islam dalam kajian khitobah atau tabligh dalam memanfaatkan teori komunikasi dari Paul Grice.

Violation of Maxims in Garfield's Utterances in Garfield Comic Strips

ABSTRACTThis research examines violation of maxims of Garfield in Garfield comic strips. The purpose of this research is to find out types of maxims that are violated, describe how maxims are violated, and find out the reason behind the violation in Garfield’s utterances in Garfield comic strips. This research is descriptive qualitative. This research uses Cooperative Principle and Violation Maxim theories by Herbert Paul Grice. The data collection method used is documentation and note-taking. The data analysis method used is interactive model by Miles and Huberman with the cycle: data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verifying. The results and discussion obtained is 15 comic strips that contain violation of maxims with 5 cases of violation of multiple maxims and 10 cases of violation of one single maxim and 11 reasons of violation of maxim (to save face, avoid of what is asked, cheer up hearer, convince hearer, deceive hearer, abuse verbally, avoid talking, satisfy hearer, hide the truth, express excitement, and get intension faster). Violation of maxim is dominated by violation of maxim of quantity with 9 cases in 9 comic strips. There are 8 cases of violation of maxim of quality in 8 comic strips, 2 cases of violation of maxim of manner in 2 comic strips, and 1 case of violation of maxim of relation in 1 comic strip.Keywords: Grice’s Violation Maxim, Utterance, Comic

COOPERATIVE AND POLITENESS PRINCIPLES IN UTTERANCES

A cooperative and polite language is required to achieve the goal of conversation, either to deliver an idea or express feelings. In spite of that, the rule of cooperative principle proposed by Paul Grice is different from the rule of politeness principle proposed by Geoffrey Leech. Therefore, this study aims to find out the application of both principles and the relation between the two of them in utterances. To conduct this study, an American movie titled Isn't It Romantic was chosen as the subject. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative. The findings show that there are 53 data of the application of cooperative and politeness principles. Therefore, there is a correlation between the cooperative and politeness principles in the conversations of this movie. The result of this study is expected to be a guideline to create an ideal conversation in society.

The Non-Cooperative Sadian Pragmatics Principle in Communication

This paper explores another way of presenting the non-cooperative principle in communication in pragmatics with practical illustrations from Chinese language and English, although this principle could be observed in almost all languages and dialects of this world. This study is based on the Cooperative Principle elaborated by Herbert Paul Grice which obeys to the four maxims of conversation: the maxim of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The study hypothesizes that there are several ways in communication where the principle of non-cooperative could be found, not just in the way that other scholars have been presenting it, and this non-cooperative principle is called the Non-Cooperative Sadian Pragmatics Principle in Communication. This study is based on introspection rather than data with theoretical research work based on Grice’s Cooperative Principle, then forwarding illustrations from daily conversation.

SOBRE A DETERMINAÇÃO CONTEXTUAL DO QUE É DITO

RESUMO Duas versões contemporâneas do contextualismo radical em filosofia da linguagem, uma defendida por François Recanati e outra por Charles Travis, centram sua crítica à distinção tradicional entre semântica e pragmática na categoria de dito (what is said), tal como descrita por Paul Grice. Ambas as versões se contrapõem à ideia de que o que é dito é determinado plenamente pelo significado convencional da sentença proferida acrescido da fixação do valor de elementos indexicais. Ambas sustentam, a partir desta crítica, que uma enunciação não necessariamente expressa um conteúdo proposicional associado ao significado literal da sentença. Neste artigo, busco mostrar que a partilha desta tese negativa geral esconde divergências importantes. Centrando minha análise na reformulação feita por Recanati da categoria de what is said, busco mostrar como ela se organiza a partir da preservação e radicalização de princípios essenciais da pragmática griceana, bem como da ideia de que elementos subsentencias possuem um conteúdo proposicional mínimo atrelado à sua significação. Em seguida, busco apontar como a negação total da pragmática griceana e deste mínimo proposicional por Travis não apenas revela uma divergência profunda em relação a Recanati, mas gera problemas para a tentativa de reestruturação da noção de what is said.

El estudio de la implicatura conversacional en El prisionero de Usman Ali: una perspectiva pragmática.

El estudio, con la intención de obtener una comprensión profunda del significado, ha analizado Implicatura conversacional en la obra de teatro de Usman Ali El prisionero (2018) aplicando Teoría de la implicación de Paul Grice (1975). La implicación conversacional es el fenómeno en el que un hablante dice una cosa y, por lo tanto, transmite otra. Además de la Implicatura, las funciones de las expresiones implicadas se han identificado a la luz de la Teoría del Acto del Habla. El estudio resultó en lograr formas de implicatura con respecto al incumplimiento de máximas de cantidad, calidad, relación y forma. El investigador también identificó dos tipos de implicatura conversacional: (1) implicatura generalizada (2) e implicatura particularizada junto con funciones de enunciados implicados.