Modern Hebrew stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-118
Author(s):  
Outi Bat-El ◽  
Evan-Gary Cohen ◽  
Vered Silber-Varod
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Stressed Syllable ◽  
Unstressed Syllable ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
Stress Patterns

Abstract The paper provides a comprehensive description of the phonology and phonetics of Hebrew stress. The distribution of the stress patterns draws a categorial distinction between verbs and nouns, and enhances the typologically uncommon disparity between the most common pattern (final stress) and the default pattern (penultimate stress). As the acoustic studies reveal, the main cue for Hebrew stress is duration, though the duration contrast is eliminated between a phrase final unstressed syllable and the preceding stressed syllable. A second important result of the acoustic studies is that there is no evidence for secondary stress.

Armenian prosody in typology and diachrony

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica DeLisi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
History Of ◽  
Final Syllable ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stress Patterns

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between typology and historical linguistics through a case study from the history of Armenian, where two different stress systems are found in the modern language. The first is a penult system with no associated secondary stress ([… σ́σ]ω). The other, the so-called hammock pattern, has primary stress on the final syllable and secondary stress on the initial syllable of the prosodic word ([σ̀ … σ́]ω). Although penult stress patterns are by far more typologically common than the hammock pattern in the world’s languages, I will argue that the hammock pattern must be reconstructed for the period of shared innovation, the Proto-Armenian period.

The acoustics of primary and secondary stress in Modern Hebrew

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan-Gary Cohen ◽  
Vered Silber-Varod ◽  
Noam Amir
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
True Surface ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Phonetic Realization ◽  
Target Words

Abstract This study investigates the acoustic realization of primary and secondary stress in polysyllabic words in Modern Hebrew (MH). The study focuses on the production of target words embedded in a meaningful carrier sentence, with three primary stress types: ultimate, penultimate and antepenultimate stress. We measured the duration, intensity and F0 of each vowel. Results show that duration is the sole reliable cue for stress in MH, and that there is no phonetic realization of secondary stress in MH, and therefore no true surface alternating pattern. These findings may have phonological implications regarding the prosodic organization of language, and provide a solid basis for future studies on the perception of primary and secondary stress by speakers.

Remarks on rhythmic stress in Modern Hebrew

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shmuel Bolozky
Keyword(s):  
Initial Stress ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Final Stress

In Biblical Hebrew, the tendency for rhythmic stress was primarily manifest in stress retraction, which moved word-final stress to the preceding syllable so as to avoid ‘stress clash’ with an immediately following word-initial stress, subject to certain restrictions. It was discussed in detail by the traditional grammarians of Hebrew; recent generative accounts include Prince (1975) and McCarthy (1979). In Modern Hebrew, the tendency for rhythmic stress can be realized in a variety of ways, of which stress retraction is by no means the commonest.

scholarly journals Prosodically-conditioned Syllable Structure in English

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Orzechowska ◽  
Janina Mołczanow ◽  
Michał Jankowski
Keyword(s):  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Lexical Stress ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Stressed Syllable ◽  
Main Stress ◽  
Unstressed Syllable

Abstract This paper investigates the interplay between the metrical structure and phonotactic complexity in English, a language with lexical stress and an elaborate inventory of consonant clusters. The analysis of a dictionary- and corpus-based list of polysyllabic words leads to two major observations. First, there is a tendency for onsetful syllables to attract stress, and for onsetless syllables to repel it. Second, the stressed syllable embraces a greater array of consonant clusters than unstressed syllables. Moreover, the farther form the main stress, the less likely the unstressed syllable is to contain a complex onset. This finding indicates that the ability of a position to license complex onsets is related to its distance from the prosodic head.

scholarly journals Durational cues to stress, final lengthening, and the perception of rhythm

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Anya Lunden
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Perceptual Effect ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
Phonetic Duration ◽  
Final Syllable

Binary stress languages have a well-known asymmetry between their tolerance of initial versus final lapse; the former being extremely rare and the latter being quite common. Lunden (to appear) proposes that final lengthening plays a role in this asymmetry, as the additional inherent phonetic duration of the final syllable can contribute to the continuation of a perceived rhythm, even in the absence of actual final stress. She notes this effect of final lengthening should only be available in languages that use duration as a cue to stress. However, some languages are described as having different cues to primary and secondary stress, and it is not clear which is more important for this perceptual effect. The results of four new studies show that final lengthening contributes to the perceptual rhythm of the word even when only one level of stress is cued with duration.

scholarly journals Is there an interlanguage intelligibility benefit in perception of English word stress?

Loquens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 061
Author(s):  
Rana Almbark ◽  
Nadia Bouchhioua ◽  
Sam Hellmuth
Keyword(s):  
English Word ◽  
Structural Knowledge ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Stress Perception ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Minimal Pairs ◽  
Unstressed Syllable ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
L1 English

This paper asks whether there is an ‘interlanguage intelligibility benefit’ in perception of word-stress, as has been reported for global sentence recognition. L1 English listeners, and L2 English listeners who are L1 speakers of Arabic dialects from Jordan and Egypt, performed a binary forced-choice identification task on English near-minimal pairs (such as[ˈɒbdʒɛkt] ~ [əbˈdʒɛkt]) produced by an L1 English speaker, and two L2 English speakers from Jordan and Egypt respectively. The results show an overall advantage for L1 English listeners, which replicates the findings of an earlier study for general sentence recognition, and which is also consistent with earlier findings that L1 listeners rely more on structural knowledge than on acoustic cues in stress perception. Non-target-like L2 productions of words with final stress (which are primarily cued in L1 production by vowel reduction in the initial unstressed syllable) were less accurately recognized by L1 English listeners than by L2 listeners, but there was no evidence of a generalized advantage for L2 listeners in response to other L2 stimuli.

Overgeneralization in the processing of complex forms in Valley Zapotec child language

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Paul Stemberger ◽  
Mario E. Chávez-Peón
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Unstressed Syllable ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
Subject Noun ◽  
Complex Forms

Models of language learning and processing differ in their level of emphasis on the storage of individual meaningful units versus combinations of meaningful units. While there is evidence for the storage of larger stretches of speech, a separate issue is how much such stored forms contribute to processing, as compared to morphologically simpler forms. We examine the acquisition of one aspect of the phonology of Valley Zapotec: complementarity of segmental length based on subsegmental features: vowels before fortis consonants are short (VCː), and vowels before lenis consonants are long (VːC). This complementarity is found for fortis consonants in morphologically simple forms with final stress (simple nouns, verbs with full subject noun), but not in morphologically complex forms with a final unstressed syllable (diminutive nouns, verbs with pronominal subject clitic). During one period of development, Zapotec-learning children overgeneralize the complementarity from morphologically simple to morphologically complex forms (with u-shaped learning likely). The child’s processing of complex forms in language production is based more on simple forms than on the complex forms themselves. We identify five possible explanations of these results. Insofar as combinations of morphemes are stored at this young age, they are relatively ineffective at influencing processing during language production.

The Representation of Stress-Patterns in Pronunciation Dictionaries: ‘Morse-Code’ vs. Orthographic Marking

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Karen Stromberg ◽  
Peter Roach
Keyword(s):  
Stressed Syllable ◽  
Morse Code ◽  
Stress Patterns

The marking of stress in English phonetics has traditionally used a small vertical bar placed before the stressed syllable, though some dictionaries which provide an indication of pronunciation have used other conventions such as bold or italic typeface to denote the primary stressed syllable. In all the editions of the English Pronouncing Dictionary (e.g. Jones 1988), including the current one (hereafter referred to as EPD14), the vertical bar has been used, in superscript position for the primary stressed syllable and in subscript position for the secondary stressed syllable.

Stress in the Absence of Morphological Conditioning: An Experimental Investigation of Stress in Greek Acronyms

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthi Revithiadou ◽  
Kalomoira Nikolou ◽  
Despina Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Syllable Type ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
Final Segment ◽  
Stress Dependent ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

Greek is a morphology-dependent stress system, where stress is lexically specified for a number of individual morphemes (e.g., roots and suffixes). In the absence of lexically encoded stress, a default stress emerges. Most theoretical analyses of Greek stress that assume antepenultimate stress to represent the default (e.g., Malikouti-Drachman & Drachman 1989; Ralli & Touratzidis 1992; Revithiadou 1999) are not independently confirmed by experimental studies (e.g., Protopapas et al. 2006; Apostolouda 2012; Topintzi & Kainada 2012; Revithiadou & Lengeris in press). Here, we explore the nature of the default stress in Greek with regard to acronyms, given their lack of overt morphology and fixed stress pattern, with a goal of exploring how stress patterns are shaped when morphological information (encapsulated in the inflectional ending) is suppressed. For this purpose, we conducted two production (reading aloud) experiments, which revealed, for our consultants, first, an almost complete lack of antepenultimate stress and, second, a split between penultimate and final stress dependent on acronym length, the type of the final segment and the syllable type of the penultimate syllable. We found two predominant correspondences: (a) consonant-final acronyms and end stress and (b) vowel-final acronyms and the inflected word the vowel represents, the effect being that stress patterns for acronyms are linked to the inflected words they represent only if enough morphonological information about the acronym’s segments is available to create familiarity effects. Otherwise, we find a tendency for speakers to prefer stress at stem edges.

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