scholarly journals Global Democracy in Decline?

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia C. Heldt ◽  
Henning Schmidtke
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Global Democracy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
New Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Democratic Control

Abstract Over the past decade, rising authoritarian regimes have begun to challenge the liberal international order. This challenge is particularly pronounced in the field of multilateral development finance, where China and its coalition partners from Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa have created two new multilateral development banks. This article argues that China and its partners have used the New Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to increase their power and to restrict democratic control mechanisms. By comparing formal mechanisms of democratic control in both organizations to the World Bank, this article shows that civil society access, transparency, and accountability are lower at the AIIB and NDB than they are at the World Bank.

scholarly journals New Development Banks as Horizontal International Bypasses: Towards a Parallel Order?

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Stuenkel
Keyword(s):  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Institutional Entrepreneurship ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
New Development ◽  
Reform Processes ◽  
New Institutions

Over the past years, the Chinese government (along with other rising powers) has engaged in unprecedented international institution-building, leading to the establishment of, among others, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the BRICS-led New Development Bank (NDB). Providing services similar to existing institutions such as the World Bank, these new institutions profoundly alter the landscape of global governance. The existing literature has mostly debated whether such activism shows that China and others are embracing or confronting today's Western-led order. This discussion fails to capture a more complex reality, and the concept of international institutional bypasses (IIB) may help us gain a better understanding of China's complex institutional entrepreneurship. As will be explained, decisions by China and other countries to simultaneously support reform processes in existing institutions and also create new ones suggests that they seek alternative ways to overcome perceived dysfunctions in the dominant institutions by creating IIBs. Considering the initiatives in these terms allows for a more nuanced picture that transcends the simplistic dichotomy of integration versus rupture.

1 Beginnings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lichtenstein Natalie
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Asian Development Bank ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Multilateral Development Banks ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
African Development Bank

Chapter 1, Beginnings, introduces the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the book and its author. The origins of the AIIB proposal by China are discussed, along with the global economic and geo-political aspects that led to its establishment. There are comparisons to the establishment of other multilateral development banks: the World Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), the Asian Development Bank (AsDB), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The steps in the negotiating process in 2014–2015 are summarized, and presented in a table of the 57 countries that participated. The author describes her role in drafting the AIIB Charter and some of the considerations in the choice of model.

China’s Humanistic Zhong-Yong Approach to Educational Partnerships for International Development in Post-Covid-19: Confucian and Ubuntu Perspectives on Confucius Institutes and Classrooms in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-269
Author(s):  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Educational Partnerships ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Confucius Institutes ◽  
Core Characteristics ◽  
Unique Potential

Abstract Based on broad observations of the development of Confucius Institutes and Classrooms in Africa over a decade, this article focuses on educational partnerships between Chinese and African educational institutions and their implications for international development, as they relate to international development in the era of post-Covid-19. The author identifies the Confucian Zhong-Yong approach to educational partnerships through Confucius Institutes and Classrooms in Africa, a pragmatic model for educational development centered on Confucianism. Three core characteristics of Confucian educational partnerships – demand-driven, ethics-based and pragmatic – are seen as the key to the success of such partnerships. Reflecting on Ubuntu from a Confucian perspective, the author concludes that China’s humanistic Zhong-Yong approach to partnerships has a unique potential to re-envision education for international development in ways that may be of interest to such international developmental agencies as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the World Bank, and the United Nations.

scholarly journals Economic and Higher Education Partnership of Hungary and Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Magdolna Mandel ◽  
Anargul Belgibayeva
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Communications ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
University Level ◽  
The University

The aim of our research was to describe, compare, and analyze the development of business and educational co-operation between Kazakhstan and Hungary over the past 19 years. The research was prompted by the university-level co-operation between the two countries that star ted in 2018, which was made possible by the strategic partnership that is the topic of the present article. We started from the hypothesis that both business and educational co-operation has developed linearly and significantly during the last 19 years. Our research methodology was based on gathering and analyzing secondary macroeconomic, trade, and educational co-operation data in the period between 2011 and 2020. The data were obtained from publications, national offices (statistical, commerce, and education), and international bodies (like TempusPublic Foundation, Eurostat, International Monetary Fund [IMF], and the World Bank). In this paper, we intend to link the main political, social, and macroeconomic endowments with business and educational developments of partnership in the two countries, trying to map out prospects for co-operation. One conclusion is that, although in the political communications of the two countries we were able to identify significant governmental efforts on both sides to support and enforce economic and educational co-operation, the data indicate a decrease in the size of business investments. At the same time, however, the educational co-operation between the two parties continues to develop further.

scholarly journals Rural Poverty and Land Degradation: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1053-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohail Jehangir Malik ◽  
Hina Nazli
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Resource Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
Short And Long Term

By highlighting the lack of rigorous evidence and calling for a greater understanding of the interaction of the two processes, a recent study [Nelson et al. (1997)] has called into question the strong perception that poverty is both a consequence as well as a cause of resource degradation.1 This perception which is widely held is strongly evident in the writings of the multilateral development agencies such as the World Bank (1990) and IFAD (1992) and exists despite extensive reviews which indicate that the short- and long-term implications of land degradation are not very clear [see Scherr and Yadav (1995)]. Similarly, while knowledge about poverty is expanding rapidly, thanks in large parts to the massive international focus and resources brought to bear on its understanding in the past ten.........................

scholarly journals O banco e o arranjo de reserva dos BRICS em perspectiva

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-426
Author(s):  
Jackson Ribeiro ◽  
Gilberto Maringoni
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
New Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Bretton Woods Institutions

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os documentos da cúpula dos BRICS de Fortaleza, ocorrida em julho de 2014 que criou duas instituições financeiras, o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento - NBD - e o Arranjo Contingencial de Reservas - ACR. São iniciativas importantes para estreitar os laços do grupo que reúne Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul, além de servirem para alargar a ordem monetária e financeira internacional. O NBD e o ACR são complementares às instituições multilaterais tradicionais de Bretton Woods: Banco Mundial e FMI. Complementares, pois foi adotada uma orientação cautelosa na criação desses arranjos protagonizados pelos BRICS. Tais arranjos alternativos incorporaram muitas prerrogativas e princípios do Banco Mundial e FMI, como a necessidade de acordo de cada país membro para acessar parte relevante de recursos no ACR. Mesmo incorporando prerrogativas e os princípios dominantes nessas organizações tradicionais NBD e ACR criam ambientes institucionais com potencial para possibilitar novos desdobramentos.     Abstract: This article aims to analyse the documents of the BRICS Fortaleza summit held in July 2014 that created two financial institutions, the New Development Bank – NDB and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement – CRA. They are important initiatives to strengthen the ties of the group that includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, as well as serve to broaden the international monetary and financial order. NDB and CRA are complementary to traditional multilateral Bretton Woods institutions: the World Bank and the IMF. Complementary, because a cautious orientation was adopted in the creation of these BRICS arrangements. Such alternative arrangements have incorporated many prerogatives and principles of the World Bank and IMF, such as the need for each member country to agree to access a relevant part of the resources in the CRA. Even incorporating prerogatives and the dominant principles in these traditional NDB and CRA organisations create institutional environments with the potential to enable further unfoldings. Keywords: BRICS; NDB; ACR; ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE.     Recebido em: fevereiro/2019. Aprovado em: setembro/2019.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT BANK OF BRICS

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-32
Author(s):  
Thiago Ferreira Almeida ◽  
Roberto Luiz Silva
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
New Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
New Form ◽  
Growth Analyses

This paper takes aim at the international financial system through the lens of the New Development Bank of the BRICS countries with an analysis of the Bank’s impact and relevance vis-à-vis the system. The work compares the traditional characteristics of international development institutions such as the World Bank and financial entities directed by national authorities with international solutions such as the New Development Bank, whose goals are to boost the infrastructure and renewable energy sectors of its five member countries as well as those of other developing countries. The work lays out insightful data on foreign direct investment of BRICS, GDP growth analyses, imports and exports inside and outside the BRICS group for a clearer understanding of the companies and businesses involved in the group. The work highlights an outlook of investment and development engaged in this new form of South-South cooperation which has been created by BRICS.

Rethinking the Left in Victory and Defeat: Introduction

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Michael Hanagan
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
New World ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Political Opportunity Structure ◽  
Political Opportunity ◽  
Crystal Ball ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The collapse of neoliberalism since September and October of 2008 has been sudden and spectacular. The failure of the ideas sustaining the Washington Consensus and the practices of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund seems nearly complete. The new world we may be entering could have a dramatically different political opportunity structure than the old one. But what will take its place? What has the Left to offer? What has it learned in recent decades that have been filled with more defeats than victories? What will it have to offer right now when millions are seeking solutions? Our contributors possess no crystal ball. Our answers to these questions are framed historically. How have left movements learned from defeat in the past? What factors have enabled them to exploit moments of opportunity? Analyzing the immediate historical context to the present crisis, historians can suggest which measures promise the most hope of success and which seem doomed to failure. To this end, the papers in this collection concern themselves with left victory and defeat. They show that victory and defeat are more problematic than we might think. Each raises its own particular set of challenges and concerns.

scholarly journals INPUT–OUTPUT-BASED GENUINE VALUE ADDED AND GENUINE PRODUCTIVITY IN CHINA’S INDUSTRIAL SECTORS (1995–2010)

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (02) ◽  
pp. 213-228
Author(s):  
YUNING GAO ◽  
YUNFENG ZHENG ◽  
ANGANG HU
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Multifactor Productivity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Output Elasticity ◽  
The World

This paper recalculates value added, capital formation, capital stock and related multifactor productivity in China’s industrial sectors by further developing the genuine savings method of the World Bank. The sector-level natural capital loss was calculated using China’s official input–output table and their extensions for tracing final consumers. The capital output elasticity in the productivity estimation was adjusted based on these tables. The results show that although the loss of natural capital in China’s industrial sectors in terms of value added has slowed, the impacts on their productivity during the past decades is still quite clear.

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