Judeo-Arabic Orthographies: Insights from a Fifteenth-Century Šarḥ

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-148
Author(s):  
Valentina Bella Lanza
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
15Th Century

Abstract Judeo-Arabic is a religiolect that developed as a result of the great Arab-Islamic conquests during the 7th century. This linguistic variety shares some of those features common to Neoarabic dialects; nonetheless, it preserves its own uniqueness, such as the almost absolute use of Hebrew characters and the occurrence of Hebrew and Aramaic lexical and grammatical elements within the texts. The writing system of Judeo-Arabic was affected by the socio-political changes that occurred during its development. In particular, Judeo-Arabic was subjected to a dramatic change during the 15th century, as a result of the increasing isolation of the Jews. In this period the so-called ‘Hebraized’ orthography became more prevalent and turned out to be representative of the šurūḥ, i.e. Judeo-Arabic translations of Hebrew sacred texts. In this contribution, we will focus on the issue of Judeo-Arabic graphic adaptation, through the linguistic analysis of an unpublished manuscript from the 15th century containing a šarḥ. Peculiarities and potential inconsistencies are discussed according to the wider and renowned Judeo-Arabic orthographic classification.

scholarly journals Estudi de les fonts d’una Epistula de amore d’Antonio Beccadelli adreçada al valencià Francesc de Centelles (1437-1442) sobre la «vis, aut potestas» de l’amor.

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Rubén Galera Hernàndez
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Crown Of Aragon ◽  
15Th Century

Resum: La política expansionista de la Corona d’Aragó vers el Mezzogiorno italià, encapçalada per Alfons el Magnànim durant la primera meitat del segle XV, va suposar que el monarca formara al seu voltant una cort d’humanistes italians perquè deixaren constància escrita de la seua empresa i transmeteren a la seua cort els coneixements dels grans autors clàssics llatins i grecs. Aquesta nòmina de lletraferits en estudis grecollatins, en què trobem Lorenzo Valla, Guiniforte Barzizza, Bartolomeo Facio i Antonio Beccadelli (el Panormita), entre d’altres, mantingueren assíduament contacte amb membres de la cancelleria reial i de la noblesa. Un d’aquests nobles va ser el cavaller valencià, camarlenc, conseller i mariscal, Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles i Queralt, altrament dit Ramon de Riu-sec, senyor de Nules i comte d’Oliva (1449), qui va mantenir correspondència epistolar amb Barzizza i Beccadelli, per demanar-los consell sobre la naturalesa de l’amor. En aquest article, doncs, hem estudiat les fonts de consulta a què va recórrer el Panormita quan va redactar l’epístola i el contextualitzem amb la realitat amorosa del cavaller valencià. Paraules clau: segle XV, Itàlia, Corona d’Aragó, Antonio Beccadelli, Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles.   Abstract: The expansionist policy of the Crown of Aragon towards the Italian Mezzogiorno, headed by Alfons el Magnànim during the first half of the fifteenth century, supposed that the monarch would form around him a court of Italian humanists for the written testimony of his enterprise and the transmition to the court of the knowledge of the great Latin and Greek classical authors. This list of letters written in Greco-Latin studies, in which we find Lorenzo Valla, Guiniforte Barzizza, Bartolomeo Facio and Antonio Beccadelli (Panormita), among others, were always in contact with members of the Royal Chancery and the nobility. One of these nobles was the Valencian knight, chamberlain, counselor and marshal, Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles i Queralt, otherwise known as Ramon de Riu-sec, lord of Nules and Count of Oliva (1449), who corresponded with Barzizza and Beccadelli, to ask for advice about the nature of love. In this article, we have studied the sources of reference that Panormita consulted when writing the epistle and we contextualize it with the loving reality of the Valencian knight. Keywords: 15th century, Italy, Crown of Aragon, Antonio Beccadelli, Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles.    

ANA ECHEVARRÍA, The Fortress of Faith: The Attitudes Towards Muslims in Fifteenth Century Spain, Medieval Iberian Peninsula, vol. 12 (Leiden, Boston, Cologne: E. J. Brill 1999). Pp. 254. $108 cloth.

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-452
Author(s):  
KATHRYN CAMP
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Selection Of

In The Fortress of Faith: The Attitudes Towards Muslims in Fifteenth Century Spain, Ana Echevarría presents a study of four mid-15th-century texts and argues that their polemical tone toward the Muslim world was inspired by contemporary historical events and revealed a Christian Spain preparing itself to end Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula. She argues that the events of 1450–70 are key to understanding Fernando and Isabel's renewed march against Granada in 1474 and that ecclesiastical literature of this time—as a manifestation of a “frontier church”—can provide a glimpse of the ideas common at court and among the clergy. At the center of her book are the works of three theologians (Juan de Segovia, Alonso de Espina, and Juan de Torquemada) and one layman (the Aragonese Pedro de Cavallería)—all written between 1450 and 1461—and Echevarría juxtaposes these texts with a wide selection of similar treatises written in Spain and elsewhere since the Muslim invasion of Iberia in 711. For each of her four primary texts, she provides the historical context of the author's life as well as an analysis of each work's style, sources, symbolism, and mode of argumentation against Islam (which, in general, involved allegations about the illegitimacy of the Muslim Prophet, holy text, or tenets). She then compares the views of these authors with the legal norms governing interactions among Muslims, Christians, and Jews in 15th-century Spain and concludes that both reveal an “evolution towards intolerance and violence which was common to the society and its rulers” and that impelled the eventually successful conquest of Granada.

Bruges, 15th-century centre of the notarial profession in the Low Countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-102
Author(s):  
Hendrik Callewier
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
North Western

AbstractOn the strength of previous research it has often been assumed that in Flanders the notarial profession had barely developed before 1531. That position can no longer be upheld, in particular with regard to fifteenth-century Bruges, since a prosopographical study into the notaries public who were active at the time in Bruges shows that nowhere else in the Low Countries was the notariate so successful. Moreover, because of their numbers, of their intensive activity in pursuing their trade and of the nature of the deeds they drafted, the Bruges notaries appear to have set the standards for their colleagues in the other parts of the Low Countries. Even so, it remains true that in Bruges as in the rest of North-Western Europe, the notarial profession remained far less important than in the cities of Northern Italy.

Vernacularisation of Medical Writing in English: a Corpus-Based Study of Scholasticism

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Päivi Pahta ◽  
Irma Taavitsainen
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Medical Writing ◽  
Scientific Thought ◽  
Early English ◽  
The University ◽  
Thought Styles ◽  
Qualitative Analyses

AbstractThe article proposes a model for linguistic analysis of scientific thought-styles, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses in the variationist frame and focusing on writings of the scholastic period. The first part of the article considers factors that led to the vernacularisation of scientific writings in fifteenth-century England and the sources, underlying traditions, and audiences of these writings. The empirical part focuses on two features typical of scholasticism: references to authorities and the use of prescriptive phrases. The results show statistical differences between varieties of writing. A close semantic analysis reveals a pattern which is related to the underlying layers of traditon and to the sociohistorical background of the texts. The material comes from a computer-readable Corpus of Early English Medical Writing 1375-1750, which the authors are compiling at the University of Helsinki.

scholarly journals Unconventional Methods in Voynich Manuscript Analysis

MENDEL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Zelinka ◽  
Oldrich Zmeskal ◽  
Leah Windsor ◽  
Zhiqiang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Carbon Dating ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Unconventional Methods

This paper discusses the possible use of unconventional algorithms on analysis and categorization of the unknown text, including documents written in unknown languages. Scholars have identied about ten famous manuscripts, mostly encrypted or written in the unknown language. The most famous is the Voynich manuscript, an illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown language or writing system. Using carbon-dating methods, the researchers determined its age as the early 15th century (between 1404-1438). Many professional and amateur cryptographers have studied the Voynich manuscript, and none has deciphered its meaning as yet, including American and British code-breakers and cryptologists. While there exist many hypotheses about the meaning and structure of the document, they have yet to be conrmed empirically. In this paper, we discuss two dierent kinds of unconventional approaches for how to handle manuscripts with unidentied writing systems and determine whether its properties are characterized by a natural language, or is only historical fake text.

scholarly journals Here Comes Moshiach: Humor in the Miniatures Depicting Messiah at the Seder in the “Hileq and Bileq Haggadah” (Second Half of Fifteenth-century, South Germany)

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-30
Author(s):  
Dilshat Harman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
National Library ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this article is an illustrated sheet from the Hileq and Bileq Haggadah (Paris, National Library of France, Ms Hébreu 1333, 2nd half of the 15th century) – fol. 24v. It depicts characters watching the arrival of the Mashiach and a man with a jug pouring liquid on the Maschiach and the person meeting him. Having examined these miniatures in the context of the iconography of the coming of the Mashiach to the Seder, prevailing by that time in Ashkenaz, I come to the conclusion that they bear evidence of how humor could be used in the ritual of waiting for the Mashiach during the 15th century Passover celebration. Textual sources of the 16th–17th centuries describe it as extremely serious, but the humorous nature of the images suggests that in the context of the Passover celebration, there were a number of possibilities for its perception and experience. The comic elements of the miniature actualize the arrival of the Mashiach for the audience, involving them in the image and are an example of a specifically Jewish approach to the use of humor for pedagogical purposes.

scholarly journals Poggio Bracciolini, Phyllis Goodhart Gordan, and the Formation of the Goodhart Collection of Fifteenth-Century Books at Bryn Mawr College

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Eric L. Pumroy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Bryn Mawr ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
World War ◽  
Bryn Mawr College ◽  
Rare Book ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Printed Books

The Poggio Bracciolini conference was dedicated to Bryn Mawr alumna Phyllis Goodhart Gordan (1913-1994) one of the leading Poggio scholars of her generation and the editor of the only major collection of Poggio’s letters in English, Two Renaissance Book Hunters (Columbia University Press, 1974). Gordan and her father, Howard Lehman Goodhart (1887-1951) were also responsible for building one of the great collections of 15th century printed books in America, most of which is now at Bryn Mawr College. This paper draws upon Goodhart’s correspondence with rare book dealers and the extensive notes on his books to survey the strengths of the collection and to examine the process by which he built the collection and worked with rare book dealers in the difficult Depression and World War II years, the period when he acquired most of his books. The paper also considers Goodhart’s growing connections with scholars of early printing as his collection and interests grew, in particular the work of Margaret Bingham Stillwell, the editor of Incunabula in American Libraries (1940).

Las primeras propuestas de ‘Selección de Norma’ para el gallego

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-157
Author(s):  
Mauro Fernández
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Actual Speech ◽  
The One

Summary Linguistic sttudies of Galician began in the last third of the 18th century with Father Martín Sarmiento (1695–1772). Since the tradition of writing in this language had been interrupted towards the end of the 15th century, its later recovery required certain decisions on what the model for ‘good Galician’ would be as well as on the norm for the writing system. In this article, I will explore the various destinies of the available options: (1) the adherence to actual speech; (2) the adherence to an archaic available norm; and (3) the approach to the Portuguese norm, which in its extreme formulation, assumes the adoption of this language as the high variant and the written form of Galician. A close examination of prefaces and introductions to grammars, dictionaries, and other relevant texts shows a clear preference for the first solution. ‘Good Galician’ would thus be the one spoken by the people, in all its diversity, with some exclusions which varied according to the author: In some cases, important towns and urban variants were excluded; in others, the mountainous regions and the areas bordering with Castile; and in certain cases, the ‘people’ only meant ‘the best’ in each town. Options 2 and 3 made a timid appearance towards the end of 19th century even though 3 gained acceptance throughout the 20th century, specially in the last twenty years.

A History of Cathay: A Translation and Linguistic Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Turkic Manuscript

1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Robert Dankoff ◽  
Ildikó Bellér-Hann ◽  
Ildiko Beller-Hann
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
History Of
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