Bruges, 15th-century centre of the notarial profession in the Low Countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-102
Author(s):  
Hendrik Callewier
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
North Western

AbstractOn the strength of previous research it has often been assumed that in Flanders the notarial profession had barely developed before 1531. That position can no longer be upheld, in particular with regard to fifteenth-century Bruges, since a prosopographical study into the notaries public who were active at the time in Bruges shows that nowhere else in the Low Countries was the notariate so successful. Moreover, because of their numbers, of their intensive activity in pursuing their trade and of the nature of the deeds they drafted, the Bruges notaries appear to have set the standards for their colleagues in the other parts of the Low Countries. Even so, it remains true that in Bruges as in the rest of North-Western Europe, the notarial profession remained far less important than in the cities of Northern Italy.

scholarly journals Microbiostratigraphy of the Berriasian–Valanginian boundary in eastern Crimea: foraminifers, ostracods, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya N. Savelieva ◽  
Olga V. Shurekova ◽  
Anna A. Feodorova ◽  
Vladimir A. Grishchenko ◽  
Andrei Yu. Guzhikov
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dinoflagellate Cysts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Eastern Crimea ◽  
North Western ◽  
Ostracod Species ◽  
Ammonite Zones

AbstractThorough study of foraminifers, ostracods and dinoflagellate remnants from the Zavodskaya Balka and Koklyuk sections helps to characterize the detailed biostratigraphic division of the Berriasian / Valanginian boundary sequence in the Feodosiya district of eastern Crimea. The foraminifer and dinocyst associations from the lower part of the sequence are clearly comparable with common Berriasian associations throughout all Mountain Crimea. On the other hand, foraminifer, ostracod and dinocyst associations from its upper part have been recorded only in eastern Crimea. The upper foraminifer level corresponds to the boreal ammonite zones from the Tauricum-Verrucosum (Upper Berriasian-Valanginian). Most of the ostracod species are endemic. The base of the uppermost dinocyst level correlates with the Lower Valanginian Paratollia zone from north-western Europe.

MODERN EUROPE AND THE CREATION OF THE “ISLAMIC WORLD”

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Haneda
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Actual Reality ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
European Thought ◽  
North Western

AbstractThis article attempts to demonstrate that the notion of “Islamic world” was a creation of the modern age, emanating from north-western Europe in the nineteenth century. The term incorporates two opposing ideological meanings: on the one hand, Europe representing modern, positive values is set against the Islamic world, representing pre-modern, minus values, while on the other hand, the Islamic world was the common bond among all Muslims for their solidarity and unification against European colonialism. The article goes on to investigate why, how and when precisely the two concepts of “Islamic world” were created under the influence of modern European thought. It is stressed that in much of today's discourse too we can still perceive the two different meanings of the term, and this has often led to confusion and misunderstanding in discussion. Modern historians have played a role in substantiating the ideology of the “Islamic world”, because modern historiography has often described political objectives as actual reality.

The Base of the Devonian, with special reference to the Welsh Borderland

1923 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 385-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Dudley Stamp
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Faunal Change ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
Bed Forms ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
North Western

The main thesis of this paper is to show that the Ludlow Bone-bed forms the true base of the Devonian System. This is urged on several grounds.(a) Priority. It was the limit originally used by Murchison. Although subsequently altered by him, one finds if one attempts to use his later limit:—(i) That the Old Red Sandstone was not re-defined accordingly.(ii) That Dumont's Rhénan (Devonian) System, defined in 1845, has priority over Murchison's later definition (1848).(iii) That the later limit adopted by Murchison does not form a true horizon and has been very differently interpreted by later writers.(b) Palæontology.(i) There is a marked faunal change at the Ludlow Bone-bed. The Bone-bed marks the first appearance of fossil fishes, and thus the Devonian marks the dawn of an age of vertebrates. There is only one old record of a pre-Devonian fish in the British Isles; one doubtful one in Gotland, and an anomalous one in the Ordovician of America. The Shropshire succession forms a standard of comparison for all areas of the Old Red Sandstone type of deposit.(ii) The limit adopted after a detailed study by other writers of an uninterrupted marine series is on the same horizon. The succession at Liévin (Northern France) forms a standard for comparison of all areas of the Devonian (marine) type of deposit.(c) Stratigraphical. In England the Ludlow Bone-bed marks also a change in physical conditions, more noticeable elsewhere as an unconformity. Physical breaks or unconformities on the same horizon occur in Scotland, Belgium, Brittany (slight), Norway, Sweden, and Spitsbergen.(d) Practical Considerations. The Downtonian rocks, i.e. the strata from the Ludlow Bone-bed horizon upwards, form a stratigraphical and palæontological entity, incapable of broad or even of rough separation below the Dittonian. The Ludlow Bone-bed, on the other hand, forms an horizon which can be recognized and mapped all over North-Western Europe. In England there appears to be a slight faunal break between the Downtonian and Dittonian, but this is less marked elsewhere.

scholarly journals Poteri signorili e feudali nelle campagne dell'Italia settentrionale fra Tre e Quattrocento: fondamenti di legittimità e forme di esercizio.

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ordinary Citizen ◽  
The One

This volume contains the proceedings of the study convention held in Milan on 11 and 12 April 2003. The objective of these study days was to address the question of the powers of lordship which were exercised in the countryside of central-northern Italy between the mid fourteenth century and the end of the fifteenth century. The discussions focused on what instruments and what foundations of legitimacy these same powers had and what was their relationship with the authority of the prince and with the ordinary citizen, on the one hand, and with the community and the homines on the other. These and various other issues thrown up by the study of feudal power are the topics which emerge in the various contributions gathered in this volume, devoted principally to the Lombardy of the Visconti and the Sforza, but also to other areas of Italy.

scholarly journals ‘So one would notice the good navigability’: economic decline and the cartographic conception of urban space in late fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Bruges

Urban History ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-25
Author(s):  
BRECHT DEWILDE ◽  
JAN DUMOLYN ◽  
BART LAMBERT ◽  
BRAM VANNIEUWENHUYZE
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
City Government ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
The City ◽  
North Western

ABSTRACTDuring most of the late medieval period, the Flemish city of Bruges acted as the main commercial hub of north-western Europe. In the course of the fifteenth century, however, Bruges lost much of its allure as an economic metropolis. One of the most urgent challenges the urban authorities were facing was the navigability of the waterways in and around the city. While the city government made structural investments to remedy the problems, written sources constantly emphasized how important it was that Bruges remained accessible from the sea. During the same period, the earliest preserved maps of the city and its environment emerged. Drawing on the work of Henri Lefebvre, this article argues that these visual representations were informed by the same commercial ideology. Despite, or exactly because of, the city's decreasing maritime accessibility, they conceived Bruges as a place that could easily be reached by trading ships and where merchants could trade in the best possible circumstances.

Gabriel Biel and the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany

1951 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
William M. Landeen
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Common Life ◽  
The Common ◽  
Devotio Moderna ◽  
Permanent Form

Toward the close of the fourteenth century the Dutch mystic and revival preacher Gerhard Groote inaugurated in the Low Countries the religious movement known as the Devotio Moderna or the New Piety. Forced into silence by his enemies among the clergy, the popular preacher was devoting himself to the problems of giving permanent form and organization to his scattered groups of followers when death prematurely ended his career in 1384. But the small circles of pious men and women who under his inspiration had begun to practice the common life in imitation (so they believed) of the Christians of New Testament times, found a capable leader in Florentius Radewyns, the trusted friend and disciple of Groote and the leader of the Deventer circle of Groote's followers. In 1386 some of this group, with Rade-wyn's approval, founded the monastery of Windesheim, near Zwolle. This act constituted a definite division of the Devotio Moderna into two branches. One, with Windesheim as center, became monastic in character and was knolwn after 1395 as the Congregation of the Augustinian Canons Regular of Windesheim, The other, which reflected more nearly the ideals of Groote, continued the non-monastic traditions of the parent house in Deventer and took the name of the Brethren of the Common Life. The Congregation of Windesheim spread rapidly and numbered in the course of the fifteenth century many houses in the Low Countries and in Germany. The Brethren of the Common Life, on the other hand, because of their refusal to take monastic vows and because of their insistence upon manual labor as the chief means of financial support, encountered determined opposition from the regular clergy and therefore could not rival the development of their more acceptable brothers of Windesheim.

Die Schreibsprache der Briefe von Wilhelm von Berg (1401–1428)

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-137
Author(s):  
Akira Kusamoto
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Letter Writer ◽  
First Time ◽  
North Western ◽  
New Location

Abstract The purpose of this study was to discover the language preferences of a letter writer for Wilhelm von Berg (1401–1428) in 15th century Westphalia. Various written languages such as Ripuarian, Westphalian and Eastphalian were already established in the region and it is known that writers sometimes mixed one language variation with the other. The study also considers other questions: i) Did writers maintain their prior-developed writing habits? ii) Did they learn the written language practiced at a new location when changing their place of work? The research uses a collection of correspondences between Wilhelm and his siblings, most of which are published here for the first time. They cover his frequent moves from within North-Western Germany when he either wrote letters himself or had them written for him. The study starts with distinguishing the handwritings of his letters, and then moves to an analysis of language variations used through a comparison of specific words. Results show that changing location for one writer (probably Wilhelm himself) did not greatly influence his language use, but that he took on new variants of certain words in his letters.

Foraging for Farmers?

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit L. Dusseldorp ◽  
Luc W. S. W. Amkreutz
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Nous Proposons ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
North Western

Neue Studien betonen hinsichtlich der Neolithisierung Nordwesteuropas ein Mosaik verschiedener Prozesse. Dennoch scheint es möglich, einheitliche Merkmale zu identifizieren, die die Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft überregional beeinflussten. Der folgende Beitrag hebt die Bedeutung evolutionärer Prozesse für die Neolithisierung hervor, dies mit einem Fokus auf die südlichen Niederlande. Jene Regionen zeichnen sich durch vielfältige Biome aus, in denen die Übernahme der Landwirtschaft auf unterschiedlichem Wege erfolgte. Analysiert werden dabei sich jeweils ergebende Vorteile für die körperliche Verfasstheit der beteiligten Akteure durch die Kombination von Nahrungssuche und Landwirtschaft.Die Autoren vermuten, dass die Ernährungsstrategien der Menschen von den vielfältigen Substraten unterschiedlich beeinflußt wurden, und dies sich darüber hinaus auch zwischen den Geschlechtern erkennen läßt. Bezüglich der Frage, ob und wie neolithische Innovationen übernommen wurden, werden daher für Männer und Frauen unterschiedliche Strategien sichtbar, die verfügbaren Resourcen jeweils „optimal“ zu nutzen.Les études récentes ont souligné le caractère en mosaïque du processus de néolithisation dans le nordouest de l’Europe. Il est cependant possible d’identifier à travers les différentes régions certains objectifs majeurs qui ont influencé l’adoption de l’agriculture. Nous modélisons l’importance des processus évolutionnaires à la base de la néolithisation. Nous nous concentrons sur la partie méridionale des Pays-Bas, où l’agriculture a été adoptée suivant des trajectoires bien distincts dans différents biomes. Nous analysons cette transition selon les avantages physiques que la cueillette et l’agriculture ont pu apporter aux acteurs concernés. Nous proposons que divers substrats offrent différents avantages concernant l’adoption de l’agriculture et suggérons que ces avantages variaient selon les sexes, c’est-à-dire que les stratégies « optimales » par rapport à l’adoption et du mode d’adoption des innovations néolithiques différaient entre hommes et femmes.Recent studies emphasise the mosaic character of the process of neolithisation in north-western Europe. However, some overarching motives influencing the uptake of farming can be identified across regions. We model the importance of evolutionary processes underlying neolithisation. We focus on the southern part of the Low Countries, where the uptake of agriculture follows distinct trajectories in different biomes. We analyse the transition in terms of fitness benefits that foraging and agriculture bestow on the actors involved. We suggest that different substrates offer different fitness benefits with regard to the uptake of farming and that these benefits differed between the sexes, leading to differing “optimal” strategies for males and females regarding whether and how to adopt Neolithic innovations.

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