Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients and the Associated Risk Factors in Jalingo Local Government, Taraba State

Abstract Background: Globally, two-thirds of humans are infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a flagellated Gram negative bacterium, brings peptic ulcer disease and others, mainly, in HIV patients on ART. Its infection among HIV/AIDS patients is not well understood in developing countries, including the study area.Objective: To assess prevalence of H. pylori infection and associated risk factors among HIV/AIDS on ART patients at Tefera Hailu General Memorial hospital Sekota Northeast, Ethiopia. Methods: An institution based cross sectional study was conducted on HIV/AIDS on ART patients from February to June 2019. A face-to-face interview was administered to assess risk factors for H. pylori infection by using semi structured questionnaire. A stool sample was tested for H. pylori antigen using the ImmunoCardSTAT HpSA kit as per the manufactures` instruction. Data were entered into excel spreadsheet, cleaned, exported to and analyzed by using the SPSS version 20. Logistic regression model was used to determine the association between explanatory and outcome variables. For all cases, p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 88 HIV/AIDS patients on ART were included in this study. Of these, 53.4% were females, 54.5% were urban dwellers, 69.3% were single, 51.1% had formal education and 58.0% were non-employed. From these, study participants, a total of 88 stool samples were collected and analyzed, and 57 (64.8%, 95% CI: 54.5-73.9) H. pylori positivity was observed. Among explanatory variables tested, number of family members (AOR: 17.059; 95%CI: 1.751, 166.185; p-value = 0.015) and water sources for drinking and cooking (AOR: 0.096; 95%CI: 0.010, 0.951; p-value = 0.045) were statistically significant with H pylori positivity. Other factors did not show association with H. pylori infection (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of H. pylori among HIV on ART patients was within the ranges of global prevalence (10%-76%). Number of family members and water sources for drinking and cooking purpose were found to be factors associated with the H. pylori positivity in this study. This finding necessitates the need to design and apply intervention measures that could decrease transmission and thus minimize the clinical consequences of infection.

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Prevalence of Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Infection Among HIV/AIDS Patients in Jalingo Metropolis

Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.11648/j.bs.20200603.16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe ◽

Elkanah Obadiah Sambo ◽

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuzor ◽

Elkanah Deborah Sambo ◽

Egeonu Stephen Ugoeze

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Protozoan ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Protozoan Infection ◽

Hiv Aids

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Cryptosporidiosis among HIV/AIDS Patients with Diarrhoea and Associated Risk Factors in Jos, North-Central Nigeria

Journal of BioMedical Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.46912/jbrcp.222 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 9-18

Author(s):

A S Dahal ◽

O M Okolo ◽

KC Daam ◽

D Nanma ◽

O F Obishakin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Aids Patients ◽

North Central ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Study Participants ◽

Hiv Aids

Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic, parasitic infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum. It is transmitted via faecal-oral route and causes life-threatening, cholera-like diarrhoea in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV/AIDS patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and associated risk factors among HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhoea. This was a cross-sectional study of 100 HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhoea in a tertiary health institution in Jos, North-central Nigeria between April and November 2019. Fifteen millilitres (15ml) of stool samples were collected from each patient after signing a consent form and filling a well-structured questionnaire. The oocytes of Cryptosporidium parvum were identiﬁed in the stool samples using modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results obtained were computed using SPSS version 21. The mean age (standard deviation) of the study participants was 37.0 (± SD9.6), with a minimum age of 20years and a maximum age of 63 years. The study comprises of 53(53.0%) males and 47(47.0%) females. Fifty-four (54) of the participants were on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs while 46 were ARV drug naïve. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the study population was 13.0%. Cryptosporidiosis was found in 10(21.7%) of the 46 ARV drugs naïve participants and in 3(5.6%) of the 54 participants on antiretroviral therapy. This was statistically significant at p = 0.016. There was also a significant relationship (p = 0.012) between the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and the level of CD4+ T-lymphocytes count of the study participants. The infection was more among participants with CD4+ T-lymphocytes count less than 200 cells/μl. This stress the need for good personal hygiene, sanitation and compliance to antiretroviral treatment among HIV/AIDS patients to reduce the risk of opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis.

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Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors among HIV/AIDS patients with pre-ART and on-ART attending dessie hospital ART clinic, Northeast Ethiopia

AIDS Research and Therapy ◽

10.1186/1742-6405-10-7 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Assefa Missaye ◽

Mulat Dagnew ◽

Abebe Alemu ◽

Agersew Alemu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Northeast Ethiopia ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Aids

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Serological Evaluation of Toxoplasmosis and Related Risk Factors Among HIV+/AIDS Patients in Northern Iran

Acta Parasitologica ◽

10.1007/s11686-021-00410-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hasan Rafati-Sajedi ◽

Bijan Majidi-Shad ◽

Reza Jafari-Shakib ◽

Zahra Atrkar-Roshan ◽

Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Northern Iran ◽

Related Risk ◽

Hiv Aids

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Factors associated to first line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure among HIV/AIDS patients at Sanglah Hospital, Bali

Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive ◽

10.24843/phpma.2017.v05.i01.p01 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Cok Istri Sri Dharma Astiti ◽

A.A Sagung Sawitri ◽

Tuti Parwati

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Treatment Failure ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

First Line ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Art Initiation ◽

Risk Of Treatment ◽

Hiv Aids

Background and purpose: The incidence of first line ART failure is increasing in the South East Asia region. The main referral hospital in Bali has recorded an increased use of second line ART due to the first line ART failure. This study aims to explore risk factors associated to first line ART failure.Methods: A case control study was conducted among people living with HIV and AIDS at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar who started first line ART between 2004 and 2013. Cases were those who diagnosed as having clinical treatment failure and still on treatment in 2015. Controls were those with no treatment failure. Sex and year of ART initiation were matched between case and control. Data were obtained from medical records that include initial regiments, HIV mode of transmission, the WHO HIV clinical stage, CD4 count, opportunistic infections, body mass index, hemoglobin level, and drug substitution at the beginning and during treatment. Risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.Results: Out of 68 HIV/AIDS patients with clinical ART failure, 72.1% were confirmed with immunological and 36.8% were confirmed with virological failure. Median time before treatment failure was 3.5 years. Factors associated to ART failure were HIV clinical stage IV with (AOR=3.43; 95%CI=1.65-7.13) and being widow/widower (AOR=4.85; 95%CI=1.52-15.53). Patients with TB co-infection have a lower risk for treatment failure due to early diagnosis and treatment through TB-HIV program with (AOR=0.32; 95%CI=0.14-0.70).Conclusions: Higher HIV clinical stage at ART initiation increases the risk of treatment failure. HIV-TB co-infection indirectly reduces the risk of treatment failure.

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Intestinal Microsporidiosis Among HIV/AIDS Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Sana’a City, Yemen: First Report on Prevalence and Predictors

10.21203/rs.3.rs-684810/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kwkab A. R. Al-Barhami ◽

Rashad Abdul-Ghani ◽

Salah A. Al-Qobati

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Cell Counting ◽

Cd4 Cells ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Intestinal Microsporidiosis ◽

Hiv Aids

Abstract Background: Intestinal microsporidiosis is an opportunistic infection associated with persistent diarrhea among HIV/AIDS patients. In Yemen, however, its epidemiology is unknown. Therefore, this study determined its prevalence and predictors among HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Sana'a city, Yemen.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 402 patients receiving ART at Al-Jomhori Educational Hospital in Sana'a from November 2019 to December 2020. Data about demographics, clinical characteristics and risk factors were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and examined for microsporidian spores using the Gram-chromotrope Kinyoun staining. Blood samples were also collected and used for CD4 cell counting by flow cytometry. Univariate analysis was used to test the association of patients’ characteristics and risk factors with intestinal microsporidiosis. Multivariable logistic regression was then used to identify the independent predictors of infection. Statistical significance was considered at P-values <0.05. Results: Intestinal microsporidiosis was prevalent among 14.2% (57/402) of HIV/AIDS patients but was not significantly associated with any of the studied demographics, source of drinking water, bathing and/or swimming outdoors, contact with soil, presence of domestic animals or indiscriminate defecation. However, it was significantly associated with diarrhea (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.7–6.6; P=0.001) and <200 CD4 cells/µl (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.5–5.0; P=0.001). The significant independent predictors of infection were <200 CD4 cells/µl (AOR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.5–6.9; P=0.003), not washing hands after contacting soil (AOR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.1–5.4; P=0.026) and before eating (AOR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.5–6.4; P=0.003), eating unwashed raw produce (AOR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.2–5.3; P=0.017) and absence of indoor latrines (AOR=6.2, 95% CI: 1.5–25.9; P=0.012).Conclusions: The prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis among HIV/AIDS patients in Sana'a is high and comparable to that several other countries, being prevalent among approximately 14.0% of patients and significantly associated with diarrhea. It could be predicted among patients who have <200 CD4 cells/µl, poor hand hygiene after contacting soil and before eating, usually eat unwashed raw produce and do not possess indoor latrines. Large-scale studies on its epidemiology and predictors among HIV/AIDS patients across the country are warranted.

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