Flying Ad-Hoc Network (FANET): Challenges and Routing Protocols

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2575-2581
Author(s):  
Manjit Kaur ◽  
Sahil Verma ◽  
Kavita
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Traffic Monitoring ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Air Vehicles ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Air Vehicles

Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANET) play a vital part in military (defence), environment and civilian areas, for examples surveillance, traffic monitoring, search, rescue, weather monitoring, fire fighting, agriculture, videography, photography and delivery goods or product from one place to another place etc. Flying Ad-hoc Network is mainly ad-hoc network between unmanned air vehicles. There are several difficulties in flying ad-hoc network. The primary problem is in the communication between unmanned air vehicles. UAV are also known as Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). The problem of Flying Ad-hoc Network is routing of multiple unmanned air vehicles. The reason behind is high speed which required highly dynamic routing protocols. The designing of routing protocol is a complicated for various parameters such as traffic monitoring, load balancing etc. Here, flying ad-hoc networks are described along with mobility models, features and routing protocols. This paper presented various routing protocols used to resolve these types of problems in Flying Ad-hoc Networks. Finally, some open research challenges in developing efficient routing protocols in the Flying Ad-hoc Networks are highlighted.

scholarly journals Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2006-2010
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Multicast Routing ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Multicast Routing Protocols ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is a network which forms a kind of self organized network without any pre-established infrastructure over radio links. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are more effective in node –to- node communication. In current era of technology where most of the things are based on networks, MANETs are more suitable for wireless communication and data transfer medium due to the advent of 3G, 4G & 5G technologies. The primary objective of such an ad-hoc network routing protocol is to create appropriate and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages can be transmitted in a timely fashion. The dynamic design of this network makes routing protocols a prominent part in creating efficient routes between pairs of nodes The design of routes should be achieved with minimal overhead and bandwidth usage In last two decades many multicast routing protocols are designed and implemented. This paper focuses on some of the MANETs protocols and their characteristics along with their advantages and disadvantages.

Efficient Mechanisms and Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in VANETs for Realistic Scenarios

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Bouras ◽  
Vaggelis Kapoulas ◽  
Enea Tsanai
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Pattern Movement ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are considered as a special case of mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and are recently gaining a great attention from the research community. The need for improved road safety, traffic efficiency and direct communication along with the great complexity in routing, makes VANETs a highly challenging field. Routing in VANETs has to adapt to special characteristics such as high speed and road pattern movement as well as high linkage break probability. In this work, the authors show that traditional MANET routing protocols cannot efficiently handle the challenges in a VANET environment and thus need further modifications. For this reason, they propose and implement an enhancement mechanism, applied to the GPSR routing protocol that adapts to the needs of a VANET. The proposed mechanism's performance is evaluated through simulation sets for urban and highway scenarios and compared to the performance of the most common MANET routing protocols adopted in VANETs. The proposed enhancement is shown to be considerably beneficial and it significantly outperforms the rest of the tested routing protocols for almost every topology setting.

scholarly journals Mobile Ad Hoc Network in Disaster Area Network Scenario: A Review on Routing Protocols

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Zhiyan A. Younis ◽  
Adnan Mohsin Abdulazeez ◽  
Subhi R. M. Zeebaree ◽  
Rizgar Ramadhan Zebari ◽  
Diyar Qader Zeebaree
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Disasters could cause communication systems partially or completely down. In such a case, relief operations need a rapidly deployed communication system to save lives. Exchanging information among the rescue team is a vital factor to make important decisions. Communication system required to be robust to failures, rapidly deployable, easily maintainable to provide better services. Wireless ad-hoc networks could be the choice of establishing communication with the aid of existing infrastructure in a post-disaster case. In order to optimize mobile ad-hoc network performance, address the challenges that could lead to unreliable performance is required. One and most crucial key challenge is routing information from a sender to receiver. Due to the characteristics of a disaster environment such as signal attenuation, communication links exist between rescue crew is short-lived, suffer from frequent route breakage, and may result in unreliable end-to-end services. Many routing protocols have been proposed and evaluated in different network environments. This paper presents the basic taxonomy of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and the state of the art in routing categorizes (Proactive, Reactive, Geographic-aware and Delay tolerant Networks (DTN)). The comparison of existing routing protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks indicates that overhead in Proactive and Geographic is competitive with delay in Reactive and DTN routing.

Routing in Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
Anamika Chauhan ◽  
Kapil Sharma ◽  
Alka Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delay Tolerant Networks ◽  
Delay Tolerant Network ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Delay Tolerant

With the ever-escalating amount of vehicular traffic activity on the roads, the efficient management of traffic and safety of the drivers and passengers is of paramount gravity. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as the systems where vehicles would be perceptive of the locality and can supply the driver with required inputs to take necessary actions to alleviate the various issues. The system is designed to detect and identify essential traffic events and inform all concerned entities and take appropriate action. The characteristics of VANET are the topology is highly mobile, depends on city infrastructure, and the high speed of vehicles. These challenges result in frequent disruption of connections, long delays in delivering the messages. The challenges are overcome through the vehicular delay-tolerant network (VDTN) routing protocols are used that can facilitate communication under these network challenges. In this chapter, the authors evaluate the effect of the node density and message sizes on the performance of the various VDTN routing protocols.

scholarly journals Analytical Simulations for Proactive, Reactive and Position based Routing Protocols using OMNeT++ via INet Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 383-387
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad-hoc networks VANETs has become one of the great research topics related to automotive industry, as they are the suitable way to describe the real scenarios of the car movement through our daily life. Routing protocols used in the network description of a vehicular ad-hoc network are to balance between the responsiveness of the network to the rapid change of the topology and bandwidth efficiency. Different approaches for routing protocols are introduced to address the routing strategies to be followed in the constructed vehicular ad-hoc network considering its perspective of the routing algorithm to be followed. Each approach is consists of different routing protocols that inherits the main theme of the parent approach. Evaluating the measurements for each approach is very important for the developer of the network through network simulation prior to the expensive direct implementation of the vehicular ad-hoc networks. In this paper, we will discuss three main routing approaches: reactive, proactive and position based routing protocols, discussing the main theme for each approach followed by analytical simulations for three different protocols representing the three approaches. Ad-hoc on demand vector AODV representing the reactive approach, destination-sequenced distance vector DSDV representing the proactive approach and greedy perimeter stateless routing GPSR representing the position based approach.

scholarly journals Simulation of Vehicular Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols with a Performance Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Thangakumar Jeyaprakash ◽  
Rajeswari Mukesh
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET), a subset of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs), is one of the emerging technologies of Road Transportation system. In recent years, the aspect of Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is becoming an interesting research area as it is characterized as self-configured wireless network. The design of routing protocols in VANETs is play a vital role and necessary issue for the Vehicle to Vehicle Communication Technology. The existing routing protocols of MANETs are suitable for VANET with changes in configuration of protocol. The routing protocols fall into two major categories of topology-based and position-based routing. We discussed different kinds of existing routing protocols with two major categories, the advantages and limitations of each which will helps to enhance the existing routing protocols for the suitability of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. We implemented three existing routing protocols and the testing results stated that the performance of each in aspects of various parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput and End-End Delay using Network Simulator.

scholarly journals A novel simulation of bellman-dymo protocol in vanet’s ad-hoc network

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.3) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
L Pavithra ◽  
V Sivakumar ◽  
S Anuja
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET’s) is the recent technology to facilitate the study of simulators. The mobility model and physical layer are the issues in the simulator which impact the output greatly. The simulations of the routing algorithm in the VANET’s are still the major problem. The comparison between the routing protocols is addressed by only some few works. In order to overcome these issues and problems we made a comparison between the hybrids, reactive, geographic routing and pro-active routing protocols by using a simulation platform by integrating the mobility and the physical layer models. It also performs a comparison between the multi-path routing protocols with Ad-hoc network which allows adapting the faster performance. By using the BDYMO protocol in the VANET communication, the overhead in the network is minimized and the performance is improved.  

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of AODV and OLSR protocol in Mobile Ad Hoc Network using NS3

2020 ◽  
pp. 372-379
Author(s):  
Soumya S. ◽  
Krishna Prasad K. ◽  
Navin N. Bappalige
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc networks is a network in which energy is a main constraint and selection of a protocol that minimizes the energy usage is a key issue. Mobile Ad hoc network communicates with other nodes, without the help of base station and Communication is possible by forwarding a data unit consisting of control information and user data known as packets from one node to other. Furthermore, another key issue in mobile ad hoc networks is routing since the nodes are in mobility and tend to change the paths and move out of the network. The evaluation of energy efficient routing protocols can be effectively performed using NS3. Three types of routing protocols can be seen, Reactive, Proactive and Hybrid and in this paper, AODV a reactive protocol and OLSR a proactive protocol is compared and Delivery ratio of packets, Packet Loss and count of packets received are evaluated to analyze the energy efficiency of protocols based on these metrics.

scholarly journals Comparative Performance Evaluation of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols using NS2 Simulator

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-713
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an independent assortment of mobile users that communicate over moderately bandwidth constrained wireless links. MANET’s topology is dynamic that can change rapidly because the nodes move freely and can organize themselves randomly; has the advantage of being quickly deployable. Although numerous routing protocols have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks, there is no universal scheme that works well in scenarios with different network sizes, traffic loads and node mobility patterns, so mobile ad hoc routing protocol election presents a great challenge. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the performance of three routing protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks – Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). We have evaluated the performance of these routing protocols with varying the number of mobile nodes and packet sizes on the basis of four important metrics such as packet delivery ratio, average end to end delay, normalized routing overhead and throughput. Network Simulator version 2.35 (NS-2.35) is used as the simulation tool for evaluating these performance metrics. The outcome of this research shows that AODV protocol outperforms DSDV and DSR protocols.

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