scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Atmospheric Moisture Recycling Rate between Observations and Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 2389-2398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Kao ◽  
Xun Jiang ◽  
Liming Li ◽  
James H. Trammell ◽  
Guang J. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Moisture Recycling ◽  
Short Time

Precipitation and column water vapor data from 13 CMIP5 models and observational datasets are used to analyze atmospheric moisture recycling rate from 1988 to 2008. The comparisons between observations and model simulations suggest that most CMIP5 models capture two main characteristics of the recycling rate: 1) long-term decreasing trend of the global-average maritime recycling rate (atmospheric recycling rate over ocean within 60°S–60°N) and 2) dominant spatial patterns of the temporal variations of the recycling rate (i.e., increasing in the intertropical convergence zone and decreasing in subtropical regions). All models, except one, successfully simulate not only the long-term trend but also the interannual variability of column water vapor. The simulations of precipitation are relatively poor, especially over the relatively short time scales, which lead to the discrepancy of the recycling rate between observations and the CMIP5 models. Comparisons of spatial patterns also suggest that the CMIP5 models simulate column water vapor better than precipitation. The comparative studies indicate the scope of improvement in the simulations of precipitation, especially for the relatively short-time-scale variations, to better simulate the recycling rate of atmospheric moisture, an important indicator of climate change.

New Labour and adolescent disadvantage: a retrospective

2018 ◽  
pp. 269-290
Author(s):  
Rikki Dean ◽  
Moira Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Time ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Service Agreement ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Drug And Alcohol

Labour invested significant public expenditure and policy effort in trying to remedy multi-dimensional problems of adolescent disadvantage. The effects were intended to be long-term and multi-faceted. However, individual programmes were evaluated in isolation and over a short time-scale. The generation of children whose life-course coincided with most of these policy and expenditure changes is now making the transition to adulthood. As such, it is a good time to ask what happened to them throughout their adolescence. This paper outlines Labour’s approach to adolescent disadvantage and analyses the data on their key Public Service Agreement targets, namely: child poverty; educational underachievement, school exclusion and truancy, teenage conceptions, NEETs, juvenile crime, and drug and alcohol misuse. The remarkable decline in teenage pregnancy is now well documented. Our analysis shows a similar or greater magnitude in reductions across the other indicators of youth disadvantage for the cohort who experienced these policies.

AI and HCI: Two Fields Divided by a Common Focus

AI Magazine ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Grudin
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Intelligent Behavior ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Competition For Resources

Although AI and HCI explore computing and intelligent behavior and the fields have seen some cross-over, until recently there was not very much. This article outlines a history of the fields that identifies some of the forces that kept the fields at arm’s length. AI was generally marked by a very ambitious, long-term vision requiring expensive systems, although the term was rarely envisioned as being as long as it proved to be, whereas HCI focused more on innovation and improvement of widely-used hardware within a short time-scale. These differences led to different priorities, methods, and assessment approaches.  A consequence was competition for resources, with HCI flourishing in AI winters and moving more slowly when AI was in favor. The situation today is much more promising, in part because of platform convergence: AI can be exploited on widely-used systems.

scholarly journals Antipersistent dynamics in short time scale variability of self-potential signals

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Cuomo ◽  
M. Lanfredi ◽  
V. Lapenna ◽  
M. Macchiato ◽  
M. Ragosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Geophysical Monitoring ◽  
Scale Properties ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Self Potential

Time scale properties of self-potential signals are investigated through the analysis of the second order structure function (variogram), a powerful tool to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of observational data. In this work we analyse two sequences of self-potential values measured by means of a geophysical monitoring array located in a seismically active area of Southern Italy. The range of scales investigated goes from a few minutes to several days. It is shown that signal fluctuations are characterised by two time scale ranges in which self-potential variability appears to follow slightly different dynamical behaviours. Results point to the presence of fractal, non stationary features expressing a long term correlation with scaling coefficients which are the clue of stabilising mechanisms. In the scale ranges in which the series show scale invariant behaviour, self-potentials evolve like fractional Brownian motions with anticorrelated increments typical of processes regulated by negative feedback mechanisms (antipersistence). On scales below about 6 h the strength of such an antipersistence appears to be slightly greater than that observed on larger time scales where the fluctuations are less efficiently stabilised.

scholarly journals Short-Time-Scale Processes in a Mature Hurricane as a Response to Sea Surface Fluctuations

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2250-2272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Ito ◽  
Yoichi Ishikawa ◽  
Yoshiaki Miyamoto ◽  
Toshiyuki Awaji
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Tangential Velocity ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Exterior Region ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Short Time

Abstract To clarify the effect of fluctuations in surface stress and heat fluxes on the intensity of a mature-state hurricane, a sensitivity analysis is performed by using a cloud-permitting nonhydrostatic axisymmetric adjoint model. The response function of our experiment is tangential velocity at the top of the boundary layer in the eyewall. As a result of an integration backward to 4 min prior to the specified time, a dipole pattern appears in the sensitivity fields with respect to the vertical velocity, the potential temperature, and the mixing ratio of water vapor. A positive (negative) sensitivity is found in the hurricane interior (exterior) relative to the verification region. It exhibits an increase of tangential velocity 4 min after the introduction of positive (negative) perturbations in potential temperature or in the mixing ratio of water vapor in the interior (exterior). These sensitivities are not related to the changes in the central pressure field. With further backward integration, the sensitivity signals reach down to the surface and are located in the exterior region of the hurricane. While the sensitivity with respect to surface friction (heat flux) is strongly negative (positive) within a certain radius, the sensitivity can be positive (negative) beyond that radius. This means that both stronger friction and a reduction in moist air supply in the exterior region of the hurricane can serve to strengthen the maximum tangential velocity. To the authors’ knowledge, this effect has not been explained in previous studies.

scholarly journals Plutonium-Doped Monazite and Other Orthophosphates—Thermodynamics and Experimental Data on Long-Term Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Polina Mikhailova ◽  
Boris Burakov ◽  
Nikolai Eremin ◽  
Alexei Averin ◽  
Andrey Shiryaev
Keyword(s):  
Current Data ◽  
Waste Form ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Gibbs Energies ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Crystalline Crust ◽  
Acidic Compounds ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Long Term Behavior

The paper consists of two main parts: a microscopic and spectroscopic investigation of the single crystal of 17-year-old 238Pu-doped Eu-monazite, and a theoretical calculation of the properties of several structural types of orthophosphates. It is shown that actinide-doped monazite is prone to the formation of mechanically weak, poorly crystalline crust, presumably consisting of rhabdophane. Its formation is likely promoted by the formation of peroxides and, potentially, acidic compounds, due to the radiolysis of atmospheric moisture. The calculations of mixing the enthalpies and Gibbs energies of binary solid solutions of Pu and rare earth element (REE) phosphates that were performed for the principal structural types—monazite, xenotime, rhabdophane—show that, in the case of light REEs, the plutonium admixture is preferentially redistributed into the rhabdophane. This process strongly affects the behavior of actinides, leached from a monazite-based waste form. The applications of these results for the development of actinide waste forms are discussed. The current data on the behavior of real actinide-doped monazite suggest that this type of ceramic waste form is not very resistant, even in relatively short time periods.

scholarly journals Long Term X-ray Variability of NGC 4151

1994 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 402-402
Author(s):  
I. E. Papadakis ◽  
I. M. McHardy
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Light Curve ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ngc 4151 ◽  
Short Time

Short time scale X-ray power spectra of AGN are in general well fitted by a power law with slopes between −1 and −2 but we expect these slopes to flatten at low frequencies (indication of such a flattening has already been seen in NGC 5506). We have searched for such a low-frequency break in the power spectrum of NGC 4151 by investigating its long term X-ray light curve (2–10 keV). To construct this light curve we used Ariel V SSI, OSO-8, HEAO-1, Ariel VI, EXOSAT ME and GINGA LAC data.

Short.Term Reactivity Change: Xenon Effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Wei Shen ◽  
Benjamin Rouben
Keyword(s):  
Fission Product ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Fuel Burnup ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Neutron Absorption ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Reactivity Change

Most fission products absorb neutrons to some extent and they accumulate slowly as the fuel burnup increases, hence decrease the long-term reactivity. The neutron-absorbing fission-product xenon-135 has particular operational importance. Its concentrations can change quickly in a power maneuvre, producing major changes in neutron absorption on a relatively short-time scale (minutes).

Linguistic diversification as a long-term effect of asymmetric priming

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-296
Author(s):  
Andreas Baumann ◽  
Lotte Sommerer
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Short Time

Abstract This paper tries to narrow the gap between diachronic linguistics and research on population dynamics by presenting a mathematical model corroborating the notion that the cognitive mechanism of asymmetric priming can account for observable tendencies in language change. The asymmetric-priming hypothesis asserts that items with more substance are more likely to prime items with less substance than the reverse. Although these effects operate on a very short time scale (e.g. within an utterance) it has been argued that their long-term effect might be reductionist, unidirectional processes in language change. In this paper, we study a mathematical model of the interaction of linguistic items that differ in their formal substance, showing that, in addition to reductionist effects, asymmetric priming also results in diversification and stable coexistence of two formally related variants. The model will be applied to phenomena in the sublexical as well as the lexical domain.

scholarly journals Waldmeier relations and the solar cycle dynamics by the mean-field dynamos

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S294) ◽  
pp. 595-596
Author(s):  
V. V. Pipin ◽  
D. D. Sokoloff ◽  
I. G. Usoskin
Keyword(s):  
Mean Field ◽  
Sunspot Cycle ◽  
Dynamo Model ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Mean Field Dynamo ◽  
Activity Forecast

AbstractThe long-term variability of the sunspot cycle, as recorded by the Wolf numbers, are imprinted in different kinds of statistical relations which relate the cycle amplitudes, duration and shapes. This subject always gets a special attention because it is important for the solar activity forecast. We discuss statistical properties of the mean-field dynamo model with the fluctuating α-effect. Also, we estimate dynamical properties of the model for the long and short time-scale and compare it with the dynamics of the sunspot numbers data sets.

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