Coöperative Credit Institutions in the United States

1920 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Morman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Credit Institutions

scholarly journals The Development of Institutional Agricultural Credit in Pakistan

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Irshad Khan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Credit Institutions

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the development of insti¬tutional agricultural credit in Pakistan since independence1. Although much has been written about the problems of rural credit in this country, tjie em¬phasis was usually on the role of the traditional village money-lender who was, and in many cases still is, the only significant source of credit for the small agriculturist2. Very little information is available on the operation of public or semi-public agricultural credit institutions, their relative growth in different areas of Pakistan, their sources of finance or their importance in view of the aggregate credit requirements. It is today generally recognized in advanced as well as in less developed countries that the credit needs of agriculture cannot be met from private sources alone. Government owned or government-supported credit institutions must carry significant burden of the credit supply to agriculture if any major development is to take place in that sector. Even in countries as highly developed as the United States, government agencies, such as the Farmer's Home Administration, have been established to fill the big credit gap left by the commercial banking system. If private banks find it unprofitable in the United States to lend to agriculture on any significant scale, it is reasonable to expect this to be even more true in a relatively less developed country such as Pakistan. The need for government action in the rural credit field is further accentuated by the fact that many of the village money¬lenders (predominantly non-Muslim) left Pakistan after Partition and migrrated to India.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

Silence of the Land: On the Historical Irrelevance of Territory to Congressional Districting and Political Representation in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rehfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Congressional District ◽  
Congressional Districts ◽  
Communities Of Interest

Every ten years, the United States “constructs” itself politically. On a decennial basis, U.S. Congressional districts are quite literally drawn, physically constructing political representation in the House of Representatives on the basis of where one lives. Why does the United States do it this way? What justifies domicile as the sole criteria of constituency construction? These are the questions raised in this article. Contrary to many contemporary understandings of representation at the founding, I argue that there were no principled reasons for using domicile as the method of organizing for political representation. Even in 1787, the Congressional district was expected to be far too large to map onto existing communities of interest. Instead, territory should be understood as forming a habit of mind for the founders, even while it was necessary to achieve other democratic aims of representative government.

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