Networks, Property, and the Division of Labor

2021 ◽  
pp. 000312242110278
Author(s):  
Emily Erikson ◽  
Hirokazu Shirado
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Graph Coloring ◽  
Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Graph Coloring Game

We use a simulation-based method to consider the effect of different network structures on the propensity for economic producers to develop a complementary division of labor. We use a graph-coloring game, in which nodes are given incentives to find a color that does not match their nearest neighbors, to represent the interdependent coordination problems inherent to the division of labor. We find that a decentralized development of a division of labor is difficult, particularly when too many specializations are chosen. Counterintuitively, a division of labor is more likely to evolve when the ability of agents to specialize is more constrained. The ability to store property also facilitates the development of a division of labor.

Integration of Effort

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phanish Puranam
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Organization Design ◽  
Search Problem ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Adaptive Rationality ◽  
Labor Potential

For a given division of labor, (potential) breakdowns of integration can be traced to either motivational or knowledge-related sources (or both). Integration failures arising from coordination problems require managing the need for and/or the extent of predictive knowledge; those arising from cooperation problems require managing the valence of interdependence. A fruitful area for further enquiry awaits the student of organization design at the intersection of these sources of integration failure. I outlined two possible approaches: a closer look at the interactions between knowledge and motivation-related issues, or a coarser bundling of both into the construct of integration. In particular, given the behavioral assumptions of adaptive rationality, thinking of integration of effort as a search problem may be an area of high research potential. It can help understand organizations as “marvels but not miracles”—how boundedly rational designers can nevertheless organize boundedly rational agents towards accomplishing goals.

scholarly journals A connected version of the graph coloring game

2020 ◽  
Vol 283 ◽  
pp. 744-750
Author(s):  
Clément Charpentier ◽  
Hervé Hocquard ◽  
Éric Sopena ◽  
Xuding Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Graph Coloring ◽  
Graph Coloring Game

scholarly journals How to Put the Cart Behind the Horse in the Cultural Evolution of Gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 004839312110497
Author(s):  
Daniel Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Gendered Division Of Labor ◽  
Early Humans

In The Origins of Unfairness, Cailin O’Connor develops a series of evolutionary game models to show that gender might have emerged to solve coordination problems in the division of labor. One assumption of those models is that agents engage in gendered social learning. This assumption puts the explanatory cart before the horse. How did early humans have a well-developed system of gendered social learning before the gendered division of labor? This paper develops a pair of models that show it is possible for the gendered division of labor to arise on more minimal assumptions.

Gender, Coordination Problems, and Coordination Games

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-39
Author(s):  
Cailin O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Special Problem ◽  
Break Symmetry ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Extra Information ◽  
Gendered Division Of Labor ◽  
Complementary Actions

The chapter opens with a brief discussion of gender and gendered division of labor. A general discussion follows of what coordination problems are and the models used to represent them–coordination games—are introduced. It is argued that not all coordination games are equal. While some can be solved by conventions and norms that are identical for everyone in a society, others, those that require people to take different, complementary actions, pose a special problem. Coordinating behavior in these sorts of games requires extra information to break symmetry between those who are interacting. Gendered division of labor is just such a scenario.

Partisan Dislocation: A Precinct-Level Measure of Representation and Gerrymandering

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Daryl R. DeFord ◽  
Nicholas Eubank ◽  
Jonathan Rodden
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Global Indicator

Abstract We introduce a fine-grained measure of the extent to which electoral districts combine and split local communities of co-partisans in unnatural ways. Our indicator—which we term Partisan Dislocation—is a measure of the difference between the partisan composition of a voter’s geographic nearest neighbors and that of her assigned district. We show that our measure is a good local and global indicator of district manipulation, easily identifying instances in which districts carve up clusters of co-partisans (cracking) or combine them in unnatural ways (packing). We demonstrate that our measure is related to but distinct from other approaches to the measurement of gerrymandering, and has some clear advantages, above all as a complement to simulation-based approaches, and as a way to identify the specific neighborhoods most affected by gerrymandering. It can also be used prospectively by district-drawers who wish to create maps that reflect voter geography, but according to our analysis, that goal will sometimes be in conflict with the goal of partisan fairness.

Stability of centrality measures in valued networks regarding different actor non-response treatments and macro-network structures

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANJA ŽNIDARŠIČ ◽  
ANUŠKA FERLIGOJ ◽  
PATRICK DOREIAN
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Nearest Neighbors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Social Network Data ◽  
Partially Observed ◽  
Underlying Network

AbstractSocial network data are prone to errors regardless their source. This paper focuses on missing data due to actor non-response in valued networks. If actors refuse to provide information, all values for outgoing ties are missing. Partially observed incoming ties to non-respondents and all other patterns for ties between members of the network can be used to impute missing outgoing ties. Many centrality measures are used to determine the most prominent actors inside the network. Using treatments for actor non-response enables us to estimate better the centrality scores of all actors regarding their popularity or prominence. Simulations using initial known blockmodel structures based on three most frequently occurring macro-network structures: cohesive subgroups, core-periphery models, and hierarchical structures were used to evaluate the relative merits of the treatments for non-response. The results indicate that the amount of non-respondents, the type of underlying macro-structure, and the employed treatment have an impact on centrality scores. Regardless of the underlying network structure, the median of the 3-nearest neighbors based on incoming ties performs the best. The adequacy (or not) of the other non-response treatments is contingent on the network macro-structure.

Problem behavior in autism spectrum disorders: A paradigmatic self-organized perspective of network structures

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Tonello ◽  
Luca Giacobbi ◽  
Alberto Pettenon ◽  
Alessandro Scuotto ◽  
Massimo Cocchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
The Self ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Critical Equilibrium ◽  
Self Organized Criticality ◽  
Acute Agitation ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects can present temporary behaviors of acute agitation and aggressiveness, named problem behaviors. They have been shown to be consistent with the self-organized criticality (SOC), a model wherein occasionally occurring “catastrophic events” are necessary in order to maintain a self-organized “critical equilibrium.” The SOC can represent the psychopathology network structures and additionally suggests that they can be considered as self-organized systems.

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