Mucosal Immune System: Implications in Otitis Media with Effusion

1980 ◽  
Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 326-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bernstein ◽  
Pearay L. Ogra
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

The ontogeny of the mucosal immune system as it relates to the development of lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract has been studied quite extensively over the past few years. It is apparent now that the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and gut-associated lymphoid tissue are the major sources of immunocompetent precursor B lymphocytes. After the induction of antigens in the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract, precursor lymphoid cells in these sites are preferentially activated to undergo significant proliferation. Such antigen-sensitized cells eventually migrate to other mucosa sites, such as mammary glands, genital tract, conjuctiva, etc. Recent evidence has suggested that the immunocompetent tissue observed in the middle ear cleft during otitis media with effusion may function as an extension of the mucosal immune system in the upper respiratory tract. The implications of these observations relative to middle ear disease are discussed.

The middle ear mucosal immune system in otitis media with effusion

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel M. Bernstein ◽  
Hiroyuki Tsutsumi ◽  
Pearay L. Ogra
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Mucosal Immune System

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7868
Author(s):  
Su Young Jung ◽  
Dokyoung Kim ◽  
Dong Choon Park ◽  
Sung Soo Kim ◽  
Tong In Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology.

Functions of tonsils in the mucosal immune system of the upper respiratory tract using a novel animal model, Suncus murinus

2006 ◽  
Vol 126 (11) ◽  
pp. 1164-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Suzumoto ◽  
Muneki Hotomi ◽  
Keiji Fujihara ◽  
Shinji Tamura ◽  
Kiyonori Kuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Suncus Murinus ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Recovery ofChlamydia pneumoniae, in six patients with otitis media with effusion

1992 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ogawa* ◽  
Kazuhiro Hashiguchi ◽  
Yukumasa Kazuyama
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Tract Pathogen ◽  
Study Population

AbstractSix cases of otitis media with effusion associated withChlamydia pneumoniae, a currently recognized respiratory tract pathogen, are presented. The organism was isolated from the middle ear fluids and serological evidence confirmed it as the infectious agent. The study population is small; however, these reports suggestC. pneumoniaeas a causative agent of middle ear diseases.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Transcutaneous Immunization with a Band-Aid Vaccine Resolves Experimental Otitis Media

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Novotny ◽  
John D. Clements ◽  
Lauren O. Bakaletz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Ear Fluid ◽  
Transcutaneous Immunization

ABSTRACTTranscutaneous immunization (TCI) is a noninvasive strategy to induce protective immune responses. We describe TCI with a band-aid vaccine placed on the postauricular skin to exploit the unique organization of the stratum corneum and to promote the development of immune responses to resolve active experimental otitis media due to nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHI). This therapeutic immunization strategy induced significantly earlier resolution of middle ear fluid and rapid eradication of both planktonic and mucosal biofilm-resident NTHI within 7 days after receipt of the first immunizing band-aid vaccine. Efficacy was ascribed to the homing of immunogen-bearing cutaneous dendritic cells to the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, induction of polyfunctional CD4+T cells, and the presence of immunogen-specific IgM and IgG within the middle ear. TCI using band-aid vaccines could expand the use of traditional parenteral preventative vaccines to include treatment of active otitis media, in addition to other diseases of the respiratory tract due to NTHI.

scholarly journals Upper Respiratory Tract Microbiome and Otitis Media Intertalk: Lessons from the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2845
Author(s):  
Francesco Folino ◽  
Luca Ruggiero ◽  
Pasquale Capaccio ◽  
Ilaria Coro ◽  
Stefano Aliberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common diseases occurring during childhood. Microbiological investigations concerning this topic have been primarily focused on the four classical otopathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes) mainly because most of the studies have been conducted with culture-dependent methods. In recent years, the introduction of culture-independent techniques has allowed high-throughput investigation of entire bacterial communities, leading to a better comprehension of the role of resident flora in health and disease. The upper respiratory tract (URT) is a region of major interest in otitis media pathogenesis, as it could serve as a source of pathogens for the middle ear (ME). Studies conducted with culture-independent methods in the URT and ME have provided novel insights on the pathogenesis of middle ear diseases through the identification of both possible new causative agents and of potential protective bacteria, showing that imbalances in bacterial communities could influence the natural history of otitis media in children. The aim of this review is to examine available evidence in microbiome research and otitis media in the pediatric age, with a focus on its different phenotypes: acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion and chronic suppurative otitis media.

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