Origin and Distribution of NADPH Diaphorase-Positive Nerves in Rat Nasal Mucosa

1997 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seayuong Jeon ◽  
Jinpyeong Kim ◽  
Euigee Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Retrograde Tracing ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Cholinergic Innervation ◽  
Sphenopalatine Ganglion ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Subepithelial Layer

The aim of this study was to localize the distribution of (reduced) nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase-positive nerves in the rat nasal mucosa by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, and to determine its origin by utilizing retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold (FG). Fine varicosities of NADPH diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were distributed around blood vessels (arterioles in particular), submucosal glands, and the subepithelial layer of the nasal mucosa. Most of the ganglion cells and nerve fibers in the sphenopalatine ganglion, and a few ganglion cells in the trigeminal ganglion, were stained by NADPH diaphorase, but no NADPH diaphorase-positive ganglion cells were found in the superior cervical ganglion. Retrograde tracing with FG and co-localization of NADPH diaphorase demonstrated that the FG-labeled ganglion cells in the sphenopalatine ganglion were NADPH diaphorase-positive, but the FG-labeled ganglion cells in both the trigeminal and the superior cervical ganglia were NADPH diaphorase-negative. In conclusion, NADPH diaphorase-positive nerves distribute around blood vessels, around submucosal glands, and in the subepithelial layer of the rat nasal mucosa, and their origin is the sphenopalatine ganglion. These findings imply that nitric oxide may be co-localized to the cholinergic innervation and be involved in vasomotor and secretomotor control of the nasal mucosa.

Involvement of Carbon Monoxide in the Innervation of the Canine Cervical Esophagus and Trachea

2000 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Hisa ◽  
Kazuhiro Shogaki ◽  
Shinobu Koike ◽  
Nobuhisa Tadaki ◽  
Hitoshi Bamba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Cervical Esophagus ◽  
Submucosal Glands

We investigated the involvement of carbon monoxide (CO) in the innervation of the canine cervical esophagus and trachea by means of immunohistochemistry using an antiserum against heme oxygenase–2 (HO-2). We detected HO-2–immunoreactive nerve fibers around the blood vessels and submucosal glands of the esophagus and trachea. We found HO-2–immunoreactive neurons in ganglia in the trachea and in the myenteric plexus of the esophagus. These results suggest that CO is involved as a neurotransmitter in the innervation of the canine esophagus and trachea.

VIP Potentiates Cholinergic Effects on the Mucociliary System in the Maxillary Sinus

1988 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Lindberg ◽  
Anders Cervin ◽  
Ulf Mercke ◽  
Rolf Uddman
Keyword(s):  
Maxillary Sinus ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Sphenopalatine Ganglion ◽  
Maxillary Nerve ◽  
Mucociliary System ◽  
Parasympathetic Neurons ◽  
Subepithelial Layer ◽  
Photoelectric Technique ◽  
Cholinergic Effects

The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), which is found in a population of cholinergic parasympathetic neurons in the airways, has no effects per se on mucociliary activity. In order to test the hypothesis that VIP may modulate cholinergic regulation of the mucociliary system, VIP was infused intraarterially (8.4 pmol/kg/min), and the response to challenges with methacholine in the maxillary sinus of rabbits were recorded with a photoelectric technique. Occurrence of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit maxillary sinus, maxillary nerve, and sphenopalatine ganglion was investigated. Immunoreactivlty against VIP was found in nerve fibers in the subepithelial layer of the maxillary sinus and in numerous nerve cell bodies in the sphenopalatine ganglion. Infusion of VIP potentiated the mucociliary increase induced by methacholine. The mucociliary wave frequency change increased from 6.1% ± 1.7% to 13.3% ± 3.9% (0.01 μg/kg methacholine), from 11.6% ± 3.6% to 18.8% ± 2.2% (0.05 μg/kg) and from 17.0% ± 3.0% to 27.4% ± 3.6% (0.1 μg/kg). Both peak responses and response durations increased during infusions. In contrast, the vasodilating agent papaverine sulphate did not influence the mucociliary response to methacholine. The modulating effect of VIP on the mucociliary system, taken together with the morphologic observations, suggest that VIP may have a physiologic role in the regulation of the mucociliary system in the maxillary sinus.

scholarly journals Local NADPH—Diaphorase Neurons Innervate Pial Arteries and Lie Close or Project to Intracerebral Blood Vessels: A Possible Role for Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Estrada ◽  
Elisa Mengual ◽  
Carmen González
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Pial Arteries

Electrical stimulation of perivascular nerves induced a relaxation of endothelium-denuded cat pial arteries that was significantly reduced by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition, indicating that NO was involved in the neurogenic relaxation of these vessels. Histochemical staining of the pial arteries for NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), used as a marker for NO synthase, showed positive nerve fibers in the adventitial layer. Interestingly, in some restricted areas stained neuronal cell bodies were also observed. These neurons were scattered or distributed in small groups in a ganglion-like manner, and they sent fibers to the vessel wall. No NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers or cell bodies were detected in forelimb, pulmonary, or coronary arteries. Within the brain parenchyma, blood vessels also showed positive fibers around their walls. These fibers were organized in a branching pattern and presented varicosities. NADPH-d-positive neurons were found in the proximity of the intracerebral vascular profiles, sending processes to the vessels and/or being directly apposed to their wall. The neurovascular contacts were preferentially located close to the interface between the cerebral cortex and white matter. The anatomical relationship between NADPH-d-positive neurons and fibers and the cerebral blood vessels, together with the participation of NO in the neurogenic relaxation of pial arteries, suggests that NO is involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow.

scholarly journals Possible Origins and Distribution of Immunoreactive Nitric Oxide Synthase-Containing Nerve Fibers in Cerebral Arteries

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Nozaki ◽  
Michael A. Moskowitz ◽  
Kenneth I. Maynard ◽  
Naoki Koketsu ◽  
Ted M. Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
Sphenopalatine Ganglion ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Pial Arteries ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The distribution of perivascular nerve fibers expressing nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactivity was examined in Sprague–Dawley and Long–Evans rats using affinity-purified rabbit antisera raised against NOS from rat cerebellum. NOS immunoreactivity was expressed within the endothelium and adventitial nerve fibers in both rat strains. Labeled axons were abundant and dense in the proximal anterior and middle cerebral arteries, but were less numerous in the caudal circle of Willis and in small pial arteries. The sphenopalatine ganglia were the major source of positive fibers in these vessels. Sectioning postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from both sphenopalatine ganglia reduced the density of NOS-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers by >75% in the rostral circle of Willis. Moreover, NOS-IR was present in 70–80% of sphenopalatine ganglion cells. Twenty percent of these neurons also contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VlP)-immunoreactivity. By contrast, the superior cervical ganglia did not contain NOS-IR cells. In the trigeminal ganglion, NO-IR neurons were found chiefly within the ophthalmic division; ∼10–15% of neurons were positively labeled. Colocalization with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was not observed. Sectioning the major trigeminal branch innervating the circle of Willis decreased positive fibers by ≤25% in the ipsilateral vessels. In the nodose ganglion, 20–30% of neurons contained NOS-immunoreactivity, whereas less than 1% were in the C2 and C3 dorsal root ganglia. Three human circles of Willis obtained at autopsy showed sparse immunoreactive fibers, chiefly within vessels of the posterior circulation. Postmortem delay accounted for some of the reduced density. Our findings indicate that nerve fibers innervating cerebral arteries may serve as a nonendothelial source of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). The coexistence of NOS and VIP within sphenopalatine ganglion cells raises the possibility that two vasodilatory agents, one, a highly diffusable short-lived, low-molecular-weight molecule, and the other, a polar 28 amino acid-containing peptide, may serve as coneuromediators within the cerebral circulation.

scholarly journals Acetylcholine and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Cerebral Blood Vessels: Effect of Extirpation of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hara ◽  
I. Jansen ◽  
R. Ekman ◽  
E. Hamel ◽  
E. T. MacKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Cerebral Circulation ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sphenopalatine Ganglion ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Nerve Network ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Rostral Part

The innervation of cerebral blood vessels by nerve fibers containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the vasomotor effects of the two neurotransmitters have been analyzed in the rat following the uni- or bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), which is thought to be the major origin of this innervation. Histochemistry of AChE-positive nerve fibers and the immunoreactivity toward VIP revealed only a 30% reduction in the innervation pattern of the rostral part of the cerebral circulation following the operation. At ∼4 weeks postoperatively, the original nerve network was restored. Quantitative measurements of cholineacetyltransferase activity and VIP revealed similar reductions in the levels of collected large cerebral arteries at the base of the brain and in small pial vessels overlying the cerebral cortex at the various postoperative times following uni- or bilateral removal of the SPG. The two techniques thus complemented each other. Vasomotor reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and VIP was examined in proximal segments of the middle cerebral artery at the various postoperative times. Generally, the removal of the SPG had no effect on the responses to ACh or VIP. The evidence indicates that only approximately one-third of the cholinergic/VIP innervation of the rostral part of the cerebral circulation originates in the SPG.

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase positive nerve fibers in the rat nasal mucosa

1993 ◽  
Vol 159 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyoyuki Hanazawa ◽  
Hideaki Motosugi ◽  
Akiyoshi Konno ◽  
Toshio Kaneko ◽  
Koichi Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase

Dynorphin B-Containing Perivascular Axons and Sensory Neurotransmitter Mechanisms in Brain Blood Vessels

Cephalalgia ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Moskowitz ◽  
Lisa R Brezina ◽  
Christine Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sensory Axons ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells ◽  
Opiate Analgesic

This is the first report demonstrating the existence of opiate-containing nerve fibers surrounding brain blood vessels. Dynorphin B, a tridecapeptide and potent opiate analgesic, was visualized by immunohistochemistry in guinea pig cerebral arteries comprising the circle of Willis and was measured by radioimmunoassay in canine middle cerebral arteries. This peptide, reportedly present in dorsal root ganglion cells, was observed by others to decrease the depolarization-induced release of substance P from primary sensory axons and, by so doing, to retard the development of neurogenic inflammation in target tissues. Consistent with an indirect action of dynorphin B, this peptide did not relax precontracted canine middle cerebral or basilar artery segments when added in vitro, nor did it modulate receptor-mediated relaxation on the addition of substance P. The presence of opiate-containing axons in or near trigeminovascular nerve fibers suggests novel mechanisms related to the modulation of pain possibly emanating from cerebral vessels.

scholarly journals Origin of PACAP-immunoreactive Nerve Fibers Innervating the Subarachnoidal Blood Vessels of the Rat Brain

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 628-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Martin ◽  
Moesgaard Baeres ◽  
Morten Møller
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Retrograde Tracing ◽  
Cerebral Vasculature ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Subarachnoidal Space ◽  
Amplification System ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

The subarachnoidal cerebral blood vessels of the rat are innervated by nerve fibers containing different neuropeptides, e.g. pituitary adenylatecyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). PACAP dilates brain arterioles and immunohistochemical studies of the rat have indicated that PACAP binds to a VPAC1-receptor in the cerebral vasculature of this species. We have investigated the perikaryal origin of the nerve fibers innervating the subarachnoidal blood vessels of the rat by combined retrograde tracing with Fluorogold and immunohistochemistry. The in vivo neuronal retrograde tracings were done by injection of 2% Fluorogold in water into the subarachnoidal space in the area of the middle cerebral artery. The retrograde transported tracer was detected by use of an antibody against Fluorogold. One week after the injections, the animals were vascularly perfused with Stephanini's fixative and labeled perikarya were found bilaterally in the trigeminal, sphenopalatine, and otic ganglia. The retrograde Fluorogold tracings were combined with immunohistochemistry for PACAP using a mouse monoclonal antibody and the biotinylated tyramide amplification system. Double labeled perikarya containing both Fluoro-gold and PACAP were found predominantly in the trigeminal ganglion, and only rarely in the otic and sphenopalatine ganglion. Summarizing, our retrograde tracings combined with immunohistochemistry indicate that the perikarya in the trigeminal ganglion are the main origin of PACAPergic nerve fibers projecting to the cerebral vasculature of the rat.

Innervation of the Feline Eustachian Tube

1979 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Uddman ◽  
J. Alumets ◽  
M. Ekelund ◽  
I. Lorén ◽  
O. Densert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Peptidergic Nerves ◽  
Subepithelial Layer ◽  
Seromucous Glands ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

The distribution of adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nerves in the feline eustachian tube was studied using histochemical techniques. Adrenergic, acetylcholinesterase-positive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerves were numerous in the tubal wall. All three types of nerve fibers occurred in the subepithelial layer, around small blood vessels and around the acini of seromucous glands. No nerves displaying substance P or enkephalin immunoreactivity were observed.

Innervation of endoneurial microvessels in human sural nerve

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 920-921
Author(s):  
John L. Beggs ◽  
Peter C. Johnson ◽  
Astrid G. Olafsen ◽  
C. Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Arterial Supply ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Vasa Nervorum ◽  
Endoneurial Blood Flow

The blood supply (vasa nervorum) to peripheral nerves is composed of an interconnected dual circulation. The endoneurium of nerve fascicles is maintained by the intrinsic circulation which is composed of microvessels primarily of capillary caliber. Transperineurial arterioles link the intrinsic circulation with the extrinsic arterial supply located in the epineurium. Blood flow in the vasa nervorum is neurogenically influenced (1,2). Although a recent hypothesis proposes that endoneurial blood flow is controlled by the action of autonomic nerve fibers associated with epineurial arterioles (2), our recent studies (3) show that in addition to epineurial arterioles other segments of the vasa nervorum are also innervated. In this study, we examine blood vessels of the endoneurium for possible innervation.

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