Drugs and Justice: The Impact of Drugs on Criminal Justice in a Metropolitan Community

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Klofas
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Case Processing ◽  
York Metropolitan Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This study examines the impact of drugs on the criminal justice system of the greater Rochester (New York) metropolitan area. Although discussed widely, there has been little investigation of the effects of the “war on drugs” at the local level. This research considers patterns of arrest and case processing and includes an examination of drug treatment. Increases in arrests, particularly for possession of drugs, have occurred in the city but not the suburbs and have had a disproportionate effect on African-Americans. Many cases are processed as misdemeanors and result in minor sanctions. The implications for traditional order maintenance concerns in a metropolitan community are discussed.

Crack and Criminal Justice in Canton, Ohio, 1987–1999: “The Drug Problem has Created a Monster”

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-182
Author(s):  
WILL COOLEY
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Drug Problem ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
The City

AbstractThe rise of crack cocaine in the late 1980s propelled the war on drugs. The experience of Canton, Ohio, shows how the response to crack solidified mass incarceration. A declining industrial city of 84,000 people in northeast Ohio with deep-seated racial divides, it was overwhelmed by aggressive, enterprising crack dealers from outside the city. In response, politicians and residents united behind the strategy of incessant arrests and drastic prison sentences. The law-enforcement offensive worsened conditions while pursuing African Americans at blatantly disproportionate rates, but few people engaged in reframing the drug problem. Instead, a punitive citizenry positioned punishment as the principal remedy. The emergency foreclosed on more comprehensive assessments of the city’s tribulations, while the criminal justice system emerged as the paramount institution.

San Francisco's Family-Focused Probation: A Conversation with Chief Adult Probation Officer Wendy Still

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Margaret Dizerega
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Family Involvement ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Probation Officer ◽  
Family Impact ◽  
Decision Point ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Adult Probation

The strengths of family and the impact of incarceration on family members are often ignored in the sentencing decision. Similarly, despite decades of research demonstrating that families play an important role in the successful reentry of individuals, they are often overlooked as a reentry resource. A family-focused approach to sentencing and supervision would ensure that family involvement is considered at each decision point in the criminal justice system. Believed to be the only U.S. jurisdiction that is using family impact statements at sentencing, the Adult Probation Department in San Francisco is committed to a family-focused approach. To discuss the department's innovative practices, the author interviewed Wendy Still, the chief adult probation officer of the city and county of San Francisco.

Facilitating Pretrial Justice in New Orleans

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Wool
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
York City ◽  
Justice System ◽  
City Government ◽  
Pretrial Detention ◽  
The City

New Orleans in 2011 finds itself facing many of the same problems New York City faced in 1961 when the founders of the Vera Institute of Justice launched the Manhattan Bail Project: Too many people are held in pretrial detention who could be released without risk to public safety; the reliance on bail results in disparate outcomes based on financial ability; and the unnecessary detention of thousands of defendants each year imposes excessive costs on the city government and taxpayers, as well as on those needlessly detained. Vera is now working with New Orleans stakeholders to develop a comprehensive pretrial services system. Following in the footsteps of the Manhattan Bail Project, the work will create a carefully conceived and locally sensitive pretrial services system, one that will result in a fairer and more efficient criminal justice system and a safer community.

scholarly journals A Study of Short Term Outcomes among Covid-19 Patients Discharged without Follow up In the New York Metropolitan Area

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Louise Molmenti Christine ◽  
Mitra Neil ◽  
Shah Abhinit ◽  
Flynn Anne ◽  
Brown Zenobia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
York Metropolitan Area ◽  
New York Metropolitan Area ◽  
The Impact

Background: A shortage of beds, high case volume, decreased availability of outpatient medical doctors, and limited disease knowledge resulted in the premature discharge and poor follow up of COVID-19 patients in the New York Metropolitan Area. Objective: The primary objective of this retrospective study and phone survey was to characterize the demographics and clinical outcomes (e.g., readmission rates, comorbidities, mortality, and functional status) of COVID-19 patients discharged without follow-up. The secondary objective was to assess the impact of race and comorbidities on readmission rates and the extent to which patients were escalated to another care provider. Methods: Electronic medical records were reviewed for COVID-19 patients discharged from 3 NYMA hospitals in March 2020. Follow up data regarding medical status, ability to perform activities of daily living and functional status was also obtained from patients via phone call. The Chi-square, Fishers exact test and t-tests were used to analyze the data. Results: 349 patients were included in the analysis. The hospital readmission rate was 10.6% (58.8% for pulmonary reasons) and did not differ by race. 74.3% of readmissions were <14 days after release. The post-discharge mortality rate was 2.6%. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (43%). There was a statistically significant association between mortality and number of comorbidities (p=<0.0001). 82% of patients were contacted by phone. 66.6% of patients returned to pre-COVID baseline function in ≥1 month. As a result of information obtained on the follow up phone call, 4.2% of patients required “escalation” to another provider. Conclusion: Discharging COVID-19 patients without prearranged follow up was associated with high readmission and mortality rates. While the majority of patients recovered, prolonged weakness, lengthy recovery, and the need for additional medical intervention was noted. Further work to assess the effectiveness COVID-19 post-discharge programs is warranted.

The Church and the Elderly: The Impact of Changing Age Strata on Congregations

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Doka
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
York Metropolitan Area ◽  
Church Building ◽  
New York Metropolitan Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Church

This study reports the results of a survey of forty-four Lutheran Churches in the New York metropolitan area. It describes present and projected services and programs churches offer to the elderly, specifically investigating the impact of changing age strata upon congregations. A significant relationship was found between proportion of the elderly within the congregation and the pastors' interest in developing specialized ministries to the elderly. There was also a significant relationship between the proportion of the elderly within the congregation and the pastors' interest in structural modifications of the church building. However, no significant differences were found between the proportion of elderly with the congregation and the actual programs and services to the elderly. This may be an indication that churches with high proportions of the elderly had less financial and congregational resources.

scholarly journals Shifting Perceptions: Lessons from an exploratory study of the Inside Criminal Justice Program

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Emilia Delgadillo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Community Supervision ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Criminal Justice Program ◽  
Network Failure ◽  
The Impact

This is an exploratory study of the efficacy of Inside Criminal Justice (ICJ), an eight-week long course for incarcerated students and public prosecutors that fosters respectful and open discussions about the criminal-legal system in order to rethink public safety. ICJ’s impact falls within applied contact theory, intergroup relations, and interventions aimed at reducing bias. The ICJ course was founded in 2018 as a joint initiative between three key institutions in the Tri-State Area (New York, New Jersey, Connecticut): the District Attorney’s Office, the Department of Corrections and Community Supervision (DOCCS), and Columbia University. ICJ brings current prosecutors inside correctional facilities to learn about and discuss issues of criminal justice alongside incarcerated students while developing joint policy proposals centered on improving the justice system. This program is the first of its kind in the area. Through semi-structured interviews of students and prosecutors from across the seven cohorts and qualitative data analysis, this dissertation considers the impact of ICJ on three domains: pre-existing beliefs related to the justice system, changes to concrete behaviors, and network building/transformation. It presents evidence of a reciprocal humanizing experience for its participants that helps shift perceptions, as suggested by Allport's (1954) contact hypothesis. It then examines the translation of that shift to individual and larger-scale changes resulting from ICJ involvement, and explores the distinct forms of credibility ICJ networks give to its participants as well as the ways network failure contribute to justice involvement. There is limited literature about programs that bring these types of criminal justice actors together in an educational setting. In addition to informing a larger, more systematic program evaluation, this exploratory study identifies key themes for future exploration, and presents evidence about the program’s efficacy.

The Impact of DNA Exonerations on the Criminal Justice System

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Berger
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Basic Operation ◽  
Dna Testing ◽  
Material Part ◽  
Introductory Material ◽  
System Part ◽  
The Impact

The emergence of post-conviction DNA testing has had profound effects on the American criminal justice system. Although changes in the formal legal landscape are readily noticeable, the DNA exonerations have also produced other consequences that may have potentially more significance. To comprehend and assess the influence of post-conviction DNA testing one must examine more than just the law on the books. After some introductory material, Part I of this essay looks at repercussions DNA exonerations are having on the basic operation of the criminal justice system, Part II examines new statutes that govern procedures for post-conviction DNA testing requests, and Part III briefly considers how these current developments may affect Supreme Court jurisprudence.Post-conviction DNA testing has evolved in little more than a decade. Before 2000, only two states, New York and Illinois, had statutes that authorized post-conviction DNA testing. In other jurisdictions, no formally authorized procedures existed that allowed inmates to make requests for DNA testing of crime scene evidence.

Short-Form Application of the Screening Test of Spanish Grammar and the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test to Latino Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-235
Author(s):  
David L. Ratusnik ◽  
Carol Melnick Ratusnik ◽  
Karen Sattinger
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Data Application ◽  
York Metropolitan Area ◽  
Multiple Regression Technique

Short-form versions of the Screening Test of Spanish Grammar (Toronto, 1973) and the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test (Lee, 1971) were devised for use with bilingual Latino children while preserving the original normative data. Application of a multiple regression technique to data collected on 60 lower social status Latino children (four years and six months to seven years and one month) from Spanish Harlem and Yonkers, New York, yielded a small but powerful set of predictor items from the Spanish and English tests. Clinicians may make rapid and accurate predictions of STSG or NSST total screening scores from administration of substantially shortened versions of the instruments. Case studies of Latino children from Chicago and Miami serve to cross-validate the procedure outside the New York metropolitan area.

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