scholarly journals The social economy of rhino poaching: Of economic freedom fighters, professional hunters and marginalized local people

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M Hübschle
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Local People ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Rhino Poaching

In light of the high incidence of rhino poaching in southern Africa, the African rhinoceros might become extinct in the wild in the near future. Scholars from a variety of disciplines have analysed drivers of illegal hunting and poaching behaviour in general terms. Existing scholarship on rhino poaching proffers a simplistic concurrence of interlinked drivers, including the entry of transnational organized crime into wildlife crime, opportunity structures and the endemic poverty facing people living close to protected areas. By engaging with the lived experiences and social worlds of poachers and rural communities, this article reflects on empirical evidence gathered during ethnographic fieldwork with poachers, prisoners and local people living near the Kruger National Park. It is argued that the socio-political and historical context and continued marginalization of local people are significant factors facilitating poaching decisions at the grassroots level. Green land grabs and the systematic exclusion of local people from protected areas, as well as the growing securitization of anti-poaching responses, are aiding the perception that the wild animal is valued more highly than black rural lives. As a consequence, conservationists and law enforcers are viewed with disdain and struggle to obtain cooperation. The article critiques the current fortress conservation paradigm, which assumes conflict-laden relationships between local people and wildlife.

scholarly journals Sustainability of Wildlife Tourism: Tourist Perceptions on Threats to Wildlife Tourism in Two State Protected Areas in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
pp. 895-911
Author(s):  
Chiedza Mutanga ◽  
Edson Gandiwa ◽  
Never Muboko ◽  
Oliver Chikuta
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Local People ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Environmentally Conscious ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Wildlife Tourism ◽  
People Participation

The study sought to determine tourist perceptions on the threats to the sustainability of wildlife tourism using a case study of two state protected areas in Zimbabwe. Using close-ended questionnaires, we collected data from 128 tourists in December 2015. Results show respondents generally perceived all the seven tested threats as serious, i.e., illegal hunting, destruction of wildlife habitats, human-wildlife conflict, lack of involvement of local people in national park tourism, lack of benefits from the national park to local communities, negative attitudes towards tourism by local residents, and poor local community and national park relationships. Moreover, respondents generally had similar perceptions on the impacts of the threats on the sustainability of wildlife tourism regardless of their gender, age, level of education and income. We conclude tourists are more environmentally conscious and well informed of the threats to wildlife tourism in Zimbabwe, which may indicate willingness to support conservation. It is thus necessary for park management to promote local people participation in ecotourism, enhance innovative law enforcement measures as well as motivate tourists to participate in conservation. Results could help broaden policy decision-makers' knowledge base in response to sustainable wildlife tourism development challenges.

scholarly journals REGISTROS Y DISTRIBUCIÓN POTENCIAL DEL PUERCOESPÍN (Coendou mexicanus), (RODENTIA: ERETHIZONTIDAE) EN HONDURAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Leonel Marineros-Sánchez ◽  
Héctor Portillo-Reyes ◽  
Hermes Vega ◽  
Jonathan Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
La Paz ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Source Of Information

ResumenSe actualizaron nuevos sitios de registro del puercoespín Coendou mexicanus, para Honduras y se modeló su distribución potencial. Se ordenaron 56 datos, registros de sitio, coordenadas geográficas, municipio, fuente de información y departamentos. El mapa actualizado muestra las 44 localidades en los departamentos de: Olancho, Colón, Copán, El Paraíso, Atlántida, Gracias a Dios, La Paz, Comayagua, Cortes, Francisco Morazán, Lempira, Santa Bárbara, Choluteca, Ocotepeque y Yoro. Los resultados muestran que C. mexicanus, habita en 15 departamentos, y se distribuye potencialmente en 17 de los 18 departamentos de Honduras, con énfasis de su presencia en las partes bajas de los departamentos de Cortés, Yoro y Colón; y en los bosques nubosos en los departamentos de Ocotepeque, Lempira, Intibucá, La Paz, Comayagua, Yoro y Francisco Morazán. Los datos contribuyen a la ubicación geográfica de individuos de la especie en estado silvestre, lo que permitirá realizar estudios que aporten mayor información sobre la biología y desarrollar estrategias de conservación. Los puercoespines forman parte de la dieta de los grandes felinos por lo que son un importante eslabón en la cadena alimenticia de estos grandes predadores.Palabras clave: Puercoespín, distribución potencial, áreas protegidas, comunidades rurales.AbstractNew registration sites for the porcupine (Coendou mexicanus) were updated for Honduras and their potential distribution was modeled. 56 data were ordered, site records, geographic coordinates, municipality, source of information and departments. The updated map shows the 44 locations in the departments of: Olancho, Colón, Copán, El Paraíso, Atlántida, Gracias a Dios, La Paz, Comayagua, Cortes, Francisco Morazán, Lempira, Santa Bárbara, Choluteca, Ocotepeque and Yoro. The results show that C. mexicanus, inhabits 15 departments, and is potentially distributed in 17 of the 18 departments of Honduras, with emphasis on its presence in the lower parts of the departments of Cortés, Yoro and Colón; and in the cloud forests in the departments of Ocotepeque, Lempira, Intibucá, La Paz, Comayagua, Yoro and Francisco Morazán. The data contribute to the geographical location of individuals of the species in the wild, which will allow carrying out studies that provide more information about biology and develop conservation strategies. Porcupines are part of the diet of the big cats so they are an important link in the food chain of these great predators.Key words: Porcupine, potential distribution, protected areas, rural communities.

scholarly journals Challenging the State: Devolutionary Tenure Transitions for Saving and Expanding Forests

Human Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Alden Wily
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
The Will ◽  
Customary Land

AbstractI address a contentious element in forest property relations to illustrate the role of ownership in protecting and expanding of forest cover by examining the extent to which rural communities may legally own forests. The premise is that whilst state-owned protected areas have contributed enormously to forest survival, this has been insufficiently successful to justify the mass dispossession of customary land-owning communities this has entailed. Further, I argue that state co-option of community lands is unwarranted. Rural communities on all continents ably demonstrate the will and capacity to conserve forests – provided their customary ownership is legally recognized. I explore the property rights reforms now enabling this. The replication potential of community protected forestlands is great enough to deserve flagship status in global commitments to expand forest including in the upcoming new Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

scholarly journals Trophy Hunting, Conservation, and Rural Development in Zimbabwe: Issues, Options, and Implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor K. Muposhi ◽  
Edson Gandiwa ◽  
Paul Bartels ◽  
Stanley M. Makuza
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Fiscal Constraints ◽  
Trophy Hunting ◽  
Wildlife Use ◽  
Emerging Issues

Trophy hunting has potential to support conservation financing and contribute towards rural development. We conducted a systematic review of the Zimbabwean trophy hunting perspective spanning from pre-1890 to 2015, by examining the following: (1) evolution of legal instruments, administration, and governance of trophy hunting, (2) significance of trophy hunting in conservation financing and rural development, and (3) key challenges, emerging issues in trophy hunting industry, and future interventions. Our review shows that (i) there has been a constant evolution in the policies related to trophy hunting and conservation in Zimbabwe as driven by local and international needs; (ii) trophy hunting providing incentives for wildlife conservation (e.g., law enforcement and habitat protection) and rural communities’ development. Emerging issues that may affect trophy hunting include illegal hunting, inadequate monitoring systems, and hunting bans. We conclude that trophy hunting is still relevant in wildlife conservation and rural communities’ development especially in developing economies where conservation financing is inadequate due to fiscal constraints. We recommend the promotion of net conservation benefits for positive conservation efforts and use of wildlife conservation credits for the opportunity costs associated with reducing trophy hunting off-take levels and promoting nonconsumptive wildlife use options.

scholarly journals Protected area management in a post-natural world: negotiated governance at the Danish Wadden Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cormac Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Wadden Sea ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Protected Area Management ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Large Protected Areas ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractNational parks and other large protected areas play an increasingly important role in the context of global social and environmental challenges. Nevertheless, they continue to be rooted in local places and cannot be separated out from their socio-cultural and historical context. Protected areas furthermore are increasingly understood to constitute critical sites of struggle whereby the very meanings of nature, landscape, and nature-society relations are up for debate. This paper examines governance arrangements and discursive practices pertaining to the management of the Danish Wadden Sea National Park and reflects on the relationship between pluralist institutional structures and pluralist, relational understandings of nature and landscape.

scholarly journals Population status of Heptner's markhor Capra falconeri heptneri in Tajikistan: challenges for conservation

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Michel ◽  
Tatjana Rosen Michel ◽  
Abdusattor Saidov ◽  
Khalil Karimov ◽  
Munavvar Alidodov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Population Status ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Trophy Hunting ◽  
Disjunct Populations

AbstractHeptner's markhor Capra falconeri heptneri is an Endangered wild goat occurring in disjunct populations in southern Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Surveys to determine the total population in Tajikistan were conducted during February–April 2012. A total of 1,018 animals were observed. In most areas, which include state protected areas and family- and community-based conservancies, markhor populations are stable or increasing. Threats include illegal hunting, habitat degradation, competition with livestock and disease transmission. To motivate conservancies economically to protect markhor populations, trophy hunting should be permitted to accommodate the sustainable use of markhor, with revenues distributed in a transparent and equitably shared manner.

scholarly journals Linking Rural Livelihood and Conservation in Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AISDL
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Local People ◽  
Biological Conservation ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Lao Cai

Creation of protected areas for biological conservation often conflicts with sustenance of livelihood of local people living inside or nearby regions. Combination between biological conservation and livelihood development has been much remained to be done in protected regions.

scholarly journals Community-based study to demonstrate the presence and local perspectives of the Critically Endangered Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla in Zhejiang Wuyanling, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 15547-15556
Author(s):  
Hongying Li ◽  
Shusheng Zhang ◽  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Zupei Lei ◽  
Fangdong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Manis Pentadactyla ◽  
Camera Surveillance

Illegal hunting and trading of the Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla has pushed this Critically Endangered species close to extinction.  While local reports have suggested its continued presence in mainland China, this has not been confirmed by a research group except for a survey of presumed pangolin burrows in 2004.  We conducted a six-month field study using infrared camera surveillance and community questionnaire survey in Zhejiang Wuyanling National Nature Reserve in China, to determine the status of Chinese Pangolins and understand local attitudes towards the conservation of this species.  Our study details the first verifiable documentation of two visual records of a Chinese Pangolin in the wild, demonstrating the suitability of pangolin habitat in Wuyanling region, and suggests an increasing awareness and strong willingness in local communities to conserve the Chinese Pangolin.  

scholarly journals Globalization and Biodiversity Conservation Problems: Polycentric REDD+ Solutions

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mwangi Githiru ◽  
Josephine Njambuya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Great Chance ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Impacts

Protected areas are considered the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation, but face multiple problems in delivering this core objective. The growing trend of framing biodiversity and protected area values in terms of ecosystem services and human well-being may not always lead to biodiversity conservation. Although globalization is often spoken about in terms of its adverse effects to the environment and biodiversity, it also heralds unprecedented and previously inaccessible opportunities linked to ecosystem services. Biodiversity and related ecosystem services are amongst the common goods hardest hit by globalization. Yet, interconnectedness between people, institutions, and governments offers a great chance for globalization to play a role in ameliorating some of the negative impacts. Employing a polycentric governance approach to overcome the free-rider problem of unsustainable use of common goods, we argue here that REDD+, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate change mitigation scheme, could be harnessed to boost biodiversity conservation in the face of increasing globalization, both within classic and novel protected areas. We believe this offers a timely example of how an increasingly globalized world connects hitherto isolated peoples, with the ability to channel feelings and forces for biodiversity conservation. Through the global voluntary carbon market, REDD+ can enable and empower, on the one hand, rural communities in developing countries contribute to mitigation of a global problem, and on the other, individuals or societies in the West to help save species they may never see, yet feel emotionally connected to.

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