An Exploratory Study of Computer Program Debugging

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Gould ◽  
Paul Drongowski
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Program Debugging ◽  
Programming Process ◽  
High Level ◽  
Psychology Of Programming

This experiment represents a new approach to the study of the psychology of programming, and demonstrates the feasibility of studying an isolated part of the programming process in the laboratory. Thirty experienced FORTRAN programmers debugged 12 one-page FORTRAN listings, each of which was syntactically correct but contained one non-syntactic error (bug). Three classes of bugs (Array bugs, Iteration bugs, and bugs in Assignment Statements) in each of four different programs were debugged. The programmers were divided into five groups, based upon the information, or debugging “aids”, given them. Key results were that debug times were short (median = 6 min.). The aids groups did not debug faster than the control group; programmers adopted their debugging strategies based upon the information available to them. The results suggest that programmers often identify the intended state of a program before they find the bug. Assignment bugs were more difficult to find than Array and Iteration bugs, probably because the latter could be detected from a high-level understanding of the programming language itself. Debugging was at least twice as efficient the second time programmers debugged a program (though with a different bug in it). A simple hierarchical description of debugging was suggested, and some possible “principles” of debugging were identified.

scholarly journals Educational analytics. A new approach to improving the quality of the educational process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Oskin ◽  
◽  
A. Oskin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Learning Analytics ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
New Approach ◽  
High Level ◽  
Student Classification

This article describes the trends in online education caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The introduction of learning analytics into the educational process is substantiated. The main methods and tools of educational analytics are considered. Using a specific example, we will understand the construction and assessment of a student classification model using the high-level programming language Python.

ANTICYTOKINE ACTIVITY OF THE PROTOZOA BLASTOCYSTIS SPP

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Bugero N.V. ◽  
Ilyina N.A. ◽  
Aleksandrova S.M.
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Cytokine Balance ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
High Degree

In addition to the classical pathogens, which are well understood and well identified, new pathogens with the potential to spread epidemiologically are being identified. Some of these little-known organisms are the simplest Blastocystis spp. blastocystostosis. The clinical significance of Blastocystis spp. and its pathogenicity are still under discussion. This parasite belongs to a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms living in the colon of the human intestine. Blastocystis spp. is known to be found both in people with reduced immune status and in individuals without any clinical manifestation. It has been established that a sufficiently high degree of invasiveness is observed in persons with gastrointestinal tract diseases, dermatosis, allergic reactions, in patients with carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus, etc. Possessing persistence factors, protozoa blastocysts contribute to the inactivation of host defensive mechanisms, providing a stable anthogonistic effect. In recent years, many works have been devoted to the characteristics of the persistent properties of Blastocystis spr., however, individual properties of blastocysts, in particular, anticytokine activity (ACA), have not yet been studied. In this regard, the work studied the anticytokine activity of microorganisms isolated from healthy subjects and patients with gastrointestinal tract diseases. A high prevalence of the studied characteristic in the subjects was shown. The expression of anticytokine activity in the obtained isolates of blastocysts was the highest in the group of persons with gastric ulcer disease, which decreased in the order of duodenal ulcer, chronic cholecystitis, chronic gastritis, etc. The data obtained in this work on the high level of ACA expression in blastocyst isolates obtained from individuals with gastrointestinal diseases as compared with the control group enables to conclude that their exometabolites may influence the local cytokine balance [1], which supports the inflammatory process.

METHODS OF FORECAST CALCULATION OF GROUND WATER BACKWATER IN THE ZONE OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES INFLUENCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
N.P. KARPENKO ◽  
◽  
M.A. SHIRYAEVA
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Hydraulic Structure ◽  
Hydraulic Structures ◽  
Software Model ◽  
Computational Program ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
Zone Of Influence

The purpose of the work is to consider methods for calculating the forecast of groundwater backwater in the zone of influence of hydraulic structures. The analysis of analytical dependences of calculation of the forecast of groundwater backwater for various calculation schemes is carried out. For a homogeneous scheme of the geofiltration structure, a numerical model is proposed and a computational program for calculating the groundwater backwater is developed. It allows calculating the groundwater backwater from the channel at any time in the discrete mode. To simplify the solution of the problem of calculating the groundwater backwater, a computer program was created in the programming language Phyton Version 8.3 which quickly solves this hydrogeological problem. A possible range of geofiltration parameters is proposed for calculating the groundwater backwater near main channels. The adaptation and implementation of the software model was carried out for a specific object – the Bolshoy Stavropol channel-5, for which forecast calculations were made. The results of predictive calculations of groundwater backwater are the basis for the assessment of areas of possible flooding – the territory within which the level of ground water increases as a result of their backup by a hydraulic structure.

Perangkat lunak komputer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Wati
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Software System ◽  
Physical Sense ◽  
Software Program ◽  
User Instructions ◽  
Sense Of Touch

Abstrak Perangkat lunak komputer (software) atau disebut juga dengan peranti lunak adalah sebuah program komputer yang menjadi jembatan penghubung antara pengguna komputer (user) dengan komputer. Dengan kata lain, perangkat lunak merupakan penerjemah antara user sebagai pemberi intruksi dan komputer sebagai pihak yang menerima intruksi. Software memiliki sifat bertolak belakang dengan hardware. Jika fisik hardware dapat disentuh, lain halnya dengan software, software tidak dapat disentuh dengan indra peraba secara fisik. Namun, software sangat penting dalam pengoprasian komputer. Karna tanpa software komputer hanya mesin yang tidak dapat dioperasikan dengan intruksi user. Sistem software dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman yang ditulis oleh programmer sehingga menjadi kode yang dapat dikenali perangkat keras.Kata kunci : Perangkat lunak komputer, software, programAbstractComputer software (software) is a computer program that serves as a bridge between computer users (users) and computers. In other words, software is a translator between the user as the giver of instructions and the computer as the party who receives the instructions. Software has the opposite properties to hardware. If physical hardware can be touched, another case with software, software cannot be touched with the physical sense of touch. However, software is very important in operating the computer. Because without computer software only machines that cannot be operated with user instructions. The software system is created using a programming language written by the programmer so that it becomes code that can be recognized by the hardware.Keywords: Computer software, software, program

PERANGKAT LUNAK KOMPUTER

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisawati
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Software System ◽  
Physical Sense ◽  
Software Program ◽  
User Instructions ◽  
Sense Of Touch

Abstrak Perangkat lunak komputer (software) atau disebut juga dengan peranti lunak adalah sebuah program komputer yang menjadi jembatan penghubung antara pengguna komputer (user) dengan komputer. Dengan kata lain, perangkat lunak merupakan penerjemah antara user sebagai pemberi intruksi dan komputer sebagai pihak yang menerima intruksi. Software memiliki sifat bertolak belakang dengan hardware. Jika fisik hardware dapat disentuh, lain halnya dengan software, software tidak dapat disentuh dengan indra peraba secara fisik. Namun, software sangat penting dalam pengoprasian komputer. Karna tanpa software komputer hanya mesin yang tidak dapat dioperasikan dengan intruksi user. Sistem software dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman yang ditulis oleh programmer sehingga menjadi kode yang dapat dikenali perangkat keras.Kata kunci : Perangkat lunak komputer, software, program AbstractComputer software (software) is a computer program that serves as a bridge between computer users (users) and computers. In other words, software is a translator between the user as the giver of instructions and the computer as the party who receives the instructions. Software has the opposite properties to hardware. If physical hardware can be touched, another case with software, software cannot be touched with the physical sense of touch. However, software is very important in operating the computer. Because without computer software only machines that cannot be operated with user instructions. The software system is created using a programming language written by the programmer so that it becomes code that can be recognized by the hardware.Keywords: Computer software, software, program

PERANGKAT LUNAK KOMPUTER

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirleka Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Software System ◽  
Physical Sense ◽  
User Instructions ◽  
Sense Of Touch

Computer software is a computer program that serves as a bridge between computer users (users) and computers. In other words, software is a translator between the user as the giver of instructions and the computer as the party who receives the instructions. Software has the opposite properties to hardware. If physical hardware can be touched, another case with software, software cannot be touched with the physical sense of touch. However, software is very important in operating the computer. Because without computer software only machines that cannot be operated with user instructions. The software system is created using a programming language written by the programmer so that it becomes code that can be recognized by the hardware.Keywords: Computer software.

PERANGKAT LUNAK KOMPUTER

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulfa
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Software System ◽  
Physical Sense ◽  
User Instructions ◽  
Sense Of Touch

Perangkat lunak komputer (software) atau disebut juga dengan peranti lunak adalah sebuah program komputer yang menjadi jembatan penghubung antara pengguna komputer (user) dengan komputer. Dengan kata lain, perangkat lunak merupakan penerjemah antara user sebagai pemberi intruksi dan komputer sebagai pihak yang menerima intruksi. Software memiliki sifat bertolak belakang dengan hardware. Jika fisik hardware dapat disentuh, lain halnya dengan software, software tidak dapat disentuh dengan indra peraba secara fisik. Namun, software sangat penting dalam pengoprasian komputer. Karna tanpa software komputer hanya mesin yang tidak dapat dioperasikan dengan intruksi user. Sistem software dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman yang ditulis oleh programmer sehingga menjadi kode yang dapat dikenali perangkat keras.Computer software (software) is a computer program that serves as a bridge between computer users (users) and computers. In other words, software is a translator between the user as the giver of instructions and the computer as the party who receives the instructions. Software has the opposite properties to hardware. If physical hardware can be touched, another case with software, software cannot be touched with the physical sense of touch. However, software is very important in operating the computer. Because without computer software only machines that cannot be operated with user instructions. The software system is created using a programming language written by the programmer so that it becomes code that can be recognized by the hardware.

Perangkat lunak komputer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Wati
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Software System ◽  
Physical Sense ◽  
Software Program ◽  
User Instructions ◽  
Sense Of Touch

Abstrak Perangkat lunak komputer (software) atau disebut juga dengan peranti lunak adalah sebuah program komputer yang menjadi jembatan penghubung antara pengguna komputer (user) dengan komputer. Dengan kata lain, perangkat lunak merupakan penerjemah antara user sebagai pemberi intruksi dan komputer sebagai pihak yang menerima intruksi. Software memiliki sifat bertolak belakang dengan hardware. Jika fisik hardware dapat disentuh, lain halnya dengan software, software tidak dapat disentuh dengan indra peraba secara fisik. Namun, software sangat penting dalam pengoprasian komputer. Karna tanpa software komputer hanya mesin yang tidak dapat dioperasikan dengan intruksi user. Sistem software dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman yang ditulis oleh programmer sehingga menjadi kode yang dapat dikenali perangkat keras.Kata kunci : Perangkat lunak komputer, software, programAbstractComputer software (software) is a computer program that serves as a bridge between computer users (users) and computers. In other words, software is a translator between the user as the giver of instructions and the computer as the party who receives the instructions. Software has the opposite properties to hardware. If physical hardware can be touched, another case with software, software cannot be touched with the physical sense of touch. However, software is very important in operating the computer. Because without computer software only machines that cannot be operated with user instructions. The software system is created using a programming language written by the programmer so that it becomes code that can be recognized by the hardware.Keywords: Computer software, software, program

PERANGKAT LUNAK KOMPUTER

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirleka Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Software System ◽  
Physical Sense ◽  
User Instructions ◽  
Sense Of Touch

Computer software is a computer program that serves as a bridge between computer users (users) and computers. In other words, software is a translator between the user as the giver of instructions and the computer as the party who receives the instructions. Software has the opposite properties to hardware. If physical hardware can be touched, another case with software, software cannot be touched with the physical sense of touch. However, software is very important in operating the computer. Because without computer software only machines that cannot be operated with user instructions. The software system is created using a programming language written by the programmer so that it becomes code that can be recognized by the hardware.Keywords: Computer software.

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