ABOUT THE RESULTS OF COMPARISON OF THE PROJECTS OF THE «EURASIA» AND «VOLGO-DON 2» CANALS CCORDING TO THE MAIN TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

The purpose of this article is to compare major infrastructure projects of the water transport connection between the Caspian Sea and the Azov-Black Sea basin –the «Eurasia» canal and the «Volgo-Don 2» canal on the following parameters of comparison: the height of the watershed, the length of the canals, water supply of canals, the conditions and intensity of navigation. The need to build a new shipping canal is due to the projected increase in the volume of cargo transportation from the Caspian Sea that will cause difficulties in the existing Volgo-Don canal. The authors of the study have analyzed and summarized the research materials containing information about the design decisions on the «Eurasia» canals and the second branch of the Volgo-Don shipping canal. Realization of the project canal «Eurasia» will significantly decrease the delivery time of cargoes, including oil from the Caspian Sea and Central Asian countries to the Black and Azov sea; cut the cost of transportation between these regions in comparison with transportation by «VDSC2» (by reducing the length of the waterway); increase in the strategic plan the reliability and safety of water transport links of the two seas basins on parallel directions; create conditions for socio-economic and industrial development of the canal region s. adjacent to the track. In the case of «VDSC-2», the following prospects for construction are highlighted: to ensure the passage of the additional cargo flow expected in connection with the growth of industrial production in Russia in recent years and the corresponding increase in the traffic of industrial and agricultural goods by water transport; to strengthen Russia’s political and economic infl uence on the countries of the southeast region and the European community; to intensify the development of the domestic shipbuilding to create a specialized fl eet for effi cient operation in the conditions of international transportation on internal and external waterways; to increase capacity and, consequently, the economic efficiency of the operation of international transport corridors «North-South» and «East-West».

ESTIMATION OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OKA RIVER RUNOFF

The results of the analysis and assessment of long-term changes in the qualitative characteristics of the Oka River runoff are presented. To analyze the temporal dynamics of the variability of the average annual and maximum concentrations of pollutants in the runoff of the Oka River, we used long-term observational data on typical pollutants for the period 1984-2019. The assessment of the state of the quality of surface waters of the Oka River was carried out according to the values of the concentrations of pollutants in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the river. The dynamics of the main pollutants of the following indicators is considered: ammonium nitrogen, oil products, copper and zinc compounds and easily oxidized organic substances. It was found that in the upper reaches of the river (according to observations of the Oka – Orel city) the main pollutants are ammonium nitrogen and copper compounds, the average annual concentrations of which respectively increased to 9 values. A similar situation was observed downstream of the river (the Oka River – Kaluga city). As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that more noticeable changes in the concentration of pollutants are observed in the section of the river from the city of Murom to the city of Dzerzhinsk. Near the city of Murom, the content of oil products in the water sharply increases. From the beginning of the study period (1984) and until 1995, the average annual concentration varied from 5 to 30 values, and the maximum concentration in the year in creased to 87 values. After 2000, the content of oil products in water dropped sharply and the average annual value did not exceed 3 values, and the maximum concentration was 4-6 values. The paper analyzes the frequency of cases of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the Oka River in the mouth of the river. There was a high repeatability of the content of copper compounds in water, which varied from 70 to 88%. The frequency of cases of excess of easily oxidized organic matter in the mouth of the Oka River varied from 64 to 74%. Relatively low, although stable, the repeatability of the content of oil products in water remained, which ranged from 23 to 42%.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE OPERATION OF AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE RECLAMATION MODE OF AGROECOSYSTEM

The publication presents the results of research on the formation of theoretical and practical recommendations for agricultural producers, preparing requirements for development, implementing and operating automation systems for agricultural production in the reclamation sector of the economy. The object of research was the management systems of the reclamation regime of agroecosystems,the subject – the systems of automation of technological processes of agricultural production. As a methodological basis for conducting research, an information-analytical approach was chosen, including a systematic and comparative analysis, methods of expert and heuristic assessment of the results obtained. An analysis of the use of the opportunities, advantages and achievements of digitalization and automation of production processes in agrobusiness was carried out, which revealed a serious lag in the procedures and operations for introducing already developed digital technologies into production. The tasks of the effective formation of digitalization of agricultural production, focused on the priority use of digital competencies of all participants in the agribusiness process as a whole and each participant separately, have been formulated and solved. An algorithm of actions in the implementation of automation systems for reclaimed agroecosystems has been developed in a universal format, ensuring the success of their functioning. Measures have been developed for the introduction of automated technologies for managing agroecosystems, contributing to the efficiency of digitalization of agricultural production. These include: the choice of the site for the application of the APCS, the assessment of the need for resources for the successful functioning of innovations, the formation and implementation of measures for the construction and installation work, commissioning and trial operation of automation equipment, the creation of instructive and methodological support of production operation of automated technologies. Thus, in the current realities of the formation of digitalization of agro-production on ameliorated lands, the role of the formation of new knowledge and skills in managing production processes, forming a single system with the production of products, increases, which makes it possible to minimize the time for introducing significant research results into the practice of operating agricultural systems.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF MATERIALS OF STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS OF RESTORED SOIL DAMS FOR NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS

Identified in the process of analyzing the operation of the structure, in the conditions of its operation, allow to assess the actual reserves of the bearing capacity of the structure and take effective measures to restore the operational parameters. The main criteria influencing the choice of mathematical models of materials for structures and elements of soil dams are more consistent with the model of the equation of state connecting the components of stress and strain tensors, as well as the rate of their change, which are obtained and tested for numerical calculations and have a full set of constants for materials used in the calculations of earth dams, the choice of their structures (concrete,reinforced concrete, soils, etc.). Reliable operation of soil dams is possible only if all proper conditions are met. The causes of dam accidents and their damage must be known not only to eliminate errors at the design and construction stages, but also during their operation. In order to exclude the negative impact of operational factors on the safety of soil HTS, it is necessary not only to strictly observe the rules of technical operation and take measures to exclude the possibility of an emergency situation during technological operations at facilities, but also to have methods for predictive justification of the restoration of strength and operational indicators of structures and elements of soil dams.

FEATURES OF RESEARCH, DESIGN AND OPERATION OF HYDROMELIORATIVE SYSTEMS IN THE AREA OF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS

The features of the survey, design and operation of irrigation and drainage systems in the area of the international airport «Zhukovsky» located in the Moscow region, Russia. Design surveys included an ornithological survey of the reclaimed area. Bird species, nesting sites and the number of nests were identified. The number of nests before reclamation averaged 200 ± 1.5 (mean ± standard error). Hydro reclamation in the airport area eliminated local swamping areas and nesting areas disappeared. Draining was carried out by open drains. The distance between the open drains is 120 m, the length is from 700 to 1200 m. There are no capital irrigation and drainage facilities. On the polder site the project provides for open drains and drains. The state of the land reclamation system has been deteriorating since 2001. Periodic waterlogging of a part of the polder area and the formation of a nesting area for black-headed gulls are noted. Airbus A321 aircraft fl y over the chicks while feeding at an altitude of 231.5 m, the size of which in the eyes of the chicks is comparable to the size of the parent gulls.

THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF TIDAL ENERGY AND THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD

Due to the increasing demand of energy consumers for high-quality, energy-intensive sources of electricity generation with a high EROI index, the implementation of tidal power plant projects is becoming increasingly attractive. At the moment, there are more than 100 stations in the world where the technical realization of TPP projects is possible. Until recently, cheap and seemingly limitless fossil energy allowed most of society to ignore the importance of the contribution of alternative sources of energy generation such as PES, but now their demand is increasing. The implementation of TPP construction projects contributes to the sustainable development of coastal towns and makes a signifi cant contribution to the energy balance of the system. The energy potential of tidal energy is quite large and comparable to the energy potential of the rivers of the Globe. Compared to river energy, the energy of tides and wind waves is low-potential, and therefore in most cases more expensive. It is worth noting that the advantage of tidal energy is environmental cleanliness, reducing the likelihood of fl ooding of adjacent territories and the absence of changes in the coastal landscape.

STOCHASTIC MODEL OF INFLOW TO RESERVOIR FOR MEDIUM-TERM HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTS WHEN FLOW REGULATING

The article presents a stochastic model of runoff with a five-day discreteness within the water management years. The analysis performed regarding the main statistical characteristics of the inflow to the Krasnodar reservoir has allowed the conclusion that this model, based on a simple Markov chain, satisfies the balance accuracy of hydrological calculations for operational regulation of the runoff. The performed verification calculations have shown that the proposed method for obtaining medium-term runoff forecasts for 5 days, based on the developed stochastic runoff model, is satisfactory to the criteria of efficiency and accuracy of hydrological forecasting methods used in Russia. The specific example has shown that a stochastic runoff model can be useful to decision-makers regarding the operational management of a reservoir in real time.

ASSESSMENT OF CHANGES IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER, SNOW AND ICE REGIMES IN THE BASINS OF THE SMALL NORTHERN DVINA RIVER UNDER MODERN CONDITIONS AND THEIR POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE FUTURE

The article presents an analysis of the impact of climate change on the main characteristics of ice phenomena, snow cover and the water regime in the Small Northern Dvina River basin occurring in recent decades. Recently, a significant climate warming has been observed in the basin. As a result, winters are getting warmer and shorter. There is also an increase in winter precipitation and the number of thaws. Climate warming directly affects the duration of snow cover, which decreases both due to the later formation and to the earlier destruction of snow. There is also a slight downward trend in the annual values of the maximum snow water equivalent, which may be the result of an increase in the number of thaws in winter, when a part of the snow cover melts contributing to the winter river runoff. The analysis of the main characteristics of the ice cover on the rivers of the studied basin shows that their changes are similarly to changes in the snow cover: there is a reduction in the freeze-up period due to its later formation and earlier complete destruction. The maximum ice thickness on the rivers of the basin also tends to decrease. There is an increase in winter and a decrease in spring runoff. Predictive estimates of changes in the observed trends in the future are presented in the fi nal part of the article based on the CMIP5 project data.

LAND RECLAMATION AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS DIGITALIZATION

The purpose of the research is to summarize information about management in the field of land reclamation and the sequence of its implementation, the current state of the reclamation facility Tinki-II and the possibility of introducing digital technologies in land reclamation. There are considered issues of state management in the field of land reclamation, the sequence of measures to improve land, monitoring investigations and digitalization of the management of land reclamation. In Russia 80% of the arable land are under dry conditions, and about 20% – under excess moistening. There is given formation about the current state of the land reclamation in the country and regions. The issues of state management in the field of land reclamation, the sequence of measures to improve land, monitoring studies and digitalization of the management of land reclamation are considered. The introduction of digital technologies in land reclamation will make it possible to enter the results of monitoring into the general database of the information and communication platform «Digital Land Reclamation», reading information from sensors online, and to plan and carry out restoration measures in a timely manner.

MPACT OF SHOCK WAVES IN INERT MEDIA ON THE OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY OF LOW-PRESSURE EARTH DAMS

During the operation of pressure hydraulic structures, there is an objective need to ensure their safety and reliability. In the case of non-stationary loads on hydraulic structures, they can be either seriously damaged or destroyed. One of the non-stationary effects can be considered a directed explosion on the body of a hydraulic structure or in the immediate vicinity of it. At significant Mach numbers, the processes of excitation of the internal degrees of freedom of molecules, ionization and dissociation of gas molecules, and their recombination occur behind the shock wave front. The course of these processes is due to the almost tenfold compression of the gas at the time of the explosion and it’s heating relative to the room temperature of the order of 104 K. The use of approximate and numerical methods is a consequence of the difficulties associated with the need to solve nonlinear equations of gas dynamics, with the simultaneous use of relaxation equations and equations of chemical kinetics at the same time.