Short-Term Retention of Traffic Turn Restriction Signs

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Errol R. Hoffmann ◽  
Wendy A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Interference Effect ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Auditory Mode

Two laboratory experiments evaluated short-term retention of information from verbal and symbolic signs after following verbal (auditory mode) and pictorial (visual) forms of interfering activities. A differential interference effect was observed consistent with the .dualcoding hypothesis. From a practical viewpoint, neither type of Sign appeared superior in terms of its likely retention in short-term memory by drivers.

Short-term Retention of Tactile Stimulation

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith V. Sullivan ◽  
M. T. Turvey
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Task Condition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Arithmetic Task ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Rest Condition

In three experiments subjects were required to reproduce after varying delays the locus of a tactile stimulation delivered to the upper-side of the arm. During the retention periods subjects either performed a subsidiary, arithmetic task or rested. Recall, as measured by accuracy in reproducing the locus of stimulation, decreased as a function of retention interval, asymptoting after approximately 5 s. Performance was poorer in the subsidiary task condition than in the rest condition; however, the effect of the subsidiary task appeared to be more on subject recall strategies than on rehearsal capacity. No evidence of proactive interference effects was found, and a decay interpretation of forgetting of discrete tactile stimuli in the short-term memory distractor paradigm was favoured.

Short-Term Memory for Duration of Movement

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Digby Elliott ◽  
Ruth Jones
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Visually Guided Movements ◽  
Memory For Duration

This study examined the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information about visually guided movements. Subjects attempted to recall a preselected movement of a particular duration either immediately or after an unfilled or filled retention interval. Subjects did not benefit from an opportunity to rehearse information about duration of movement over the interval. This finding supports a decay model of forgetting for temporal information about visually guided movements.

Proactive Interference and Intertrial Interval in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Variable Errors

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.

scholarly journals Syntax, morphosyntax, and serial recall: How language supports short-term memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Schweppe ◽  
Friederike Schütte ◽  
Franziska Machleb ◽  
Marie Hellfritsch
Keyword(s):  
Serial Recall ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Term Retention

AbstractIn the classic view of verbal short-term memory, immediate recall is achieved by maintaining phonological representations, while the influence of other linguistic information is negligible. According to language-based accounts, short-term retention of verbal material is inherently bound to language production and comprehension, thus also influenced by semantic or syntactic factors. In line with this, serial recall is better when lists are presented in a canonical word order for English rather than in a noncanonical order (e.g., when adjectives precede nouns rather than vice versa; Perham et al., 2009, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62[7], 1285–1293). However, in many languages, grammaticality is not exclusively determined by word order. In German, an adjective–noun sequence is grammatical only if the adjective is inflected in congruence with the noun’s person, number, and grammatical gender. Therefore, we investigated whether similar effects of syntactic word order occur in German. In two modified replications of Perham et al.’s study, we presented lists of three pairs of adjectives and nouns, presented in adjective–noun or in noun–adjective order. In addition, we manipulated morphosyntactic congruence between nouns and adjectives within pairs (Exp. 1: congruently inflected vs. uninflected adjectives; Exp. 2: congruently inflected vs. incongruently inflected adjectives). Both experiments show an interaction: Word order affected recall performance only when adjectives were inflected in congruence with the corresponding noun. These findings are in line with language-based models and indicate that, in a language that determines grammaticality in an interplay of syntactic and morphosyntactic factors, word order alone is not sufficient to improve verbal short-term memory.

Role of Stimulus Modality in Rating Ordinary and Derived Word Strings

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-501
Author(s):  
Deana Finkler
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stimulus Modality ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Mode ◽  
Auditory Mode

Four types of word strings were presented either visually or auditorily and rated for grammaticality and meaningfulness. The string types were normal sentences, syntactically deviant strings, semantically deviant strings, and strings both syntactically and semantically deviant. Results for the auditory mode conform to expectations based upon the linguistic competence of the native speaker but results for the visual mode do not. The results are discussed in terms of the inferiority of visual over auditory short-term memory for verbal information and attentional strategies.

Short-Term Retention of Pitch Sequence

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brian Williams
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Sight Singing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Melodic Dictation ◽  
Pitch Information

This research focused on short-term memory (STM) and the extent to which pitch sequence length and pitch position within a sequence affect the amount of pitch information losi between offset of the stimulus and the time of perceptual report. Loss of pitch information in STM was shown as a result of increased time before recall, the position of a pitch within a sequence (recency > primacy > center), and the increased length of a sequence. It was also demonstrated that loss of pitch information due to an increased number of pitch items stored in STM was dependent upon the amount of time before report. Moreover, time was shown to be a selective function depending upon the pitch position in a melodic sequence. Implications were indicated for research design in several areas. These included music perception, pedagogical and measurement techniques in eartraining instruction, and programed instruction design in melodic dictation and sight-singing.

Short-term retention without short-term memory

1990 ◽  
pp. 187-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Butterworth ◽  
Tim Shallice ◽  
Frances L. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention

From Short-term Memory to Working Memory

Remembering ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 133-168
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Secondary Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Negative Recency Effect ◽  
History Of

The concept of primary memory (PM) in the levels-of-processing (LOP) framework is described and illustrated. The history of the short-term/long-term memory (STM/LTM) distinction is reviewed. Early studies of STM in the Craik laboratory are described, including work on dichotic listening, the negative recency effect, and the surprising finding of long-lasting auditory information in STM. The distinction between PM and secondary memory is reviewed, and their respective roles in short-term retention discussed. Some experiments on release from proactive interference are described. The theoretical evolution of the construct of PM to that of working memory (WM) is described. The proposal that WM is equivalent to “attention paid to information in conscious awareness” is evaluated. It is argued that PM and WM are not separate entities, but are on a descriptive continuum. Further topics include the role of secondary memory in WM, and the possibility of LOP effects in WM (explored in experiments carried out by Craik and Nathan Rose). Further topics include a consideration of WM as a set of separable abilities, hierarchical views of WM, and a final integrated view of short-term retention.

PRESYNAPTIC LEARNING AND MEMORY WITH A PERSISTENT FIRING NEURON AND A HABITUATING SYNAPSE: A MODEL OF SHORT TERM PERSISTENT HABITUATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 1250015 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRUTHIKA RAMANATHAN ◽  
NING NING ◽  
DHIVIYA DHANASEKAR ◽  
GUOQI LI ◽  
LUPING SHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Sensory Neuron ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Persistent Firing ◽  
Firing Neuron

Our paper explores the interaction of persistent firing axonal and presynaptic processes in the generation of short term memory for habituation. We first propose a model of a sensory neuron whose axon is able to switch between passive conduction and persistent firing states, thereby triggering short term retention to the stimulus. Then we propose a model of a habituating synapse and explore all nine of the behavioral characteristics of short term habituation in a two neuron circuit. We couple the persistent firing neuron to the habituation synapse and investigate the behavior of short term retention of habituating response. Simulations show that, depending on the amount of synaptic resources, persistent firing either results in continued habituation or maintains the response, both leading to longer recovery times. The effectiveness of the model as an element in a bio-inspired memory system is discussed.

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