Coins Are Cold and Cards Are Caring: The Effect of Pregiving Incentives on Charity Perceptions, Relationship Norms, and Donation Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Bingqing (Miranda) Yin ◽  
Yexin Jessica Li ◽  
Surendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Direct Mail ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Greeting Cards ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Relationship Norms ◽  
Donation Behavior ◽  
Manipulative Intent ◽  
Communal Norms

Charities often include low-value monetary (e.g., coins) and nonmonetary (e.g., greeting cards) pregiving incentives (PGIs) in their donation request letters. Yet little is known about how donors respond to this marketing strategy. In seven studies, including two large-scale field experiments, the authors demonstrate that the effectiveness of PGIs depends on the organization’s goals. People are more likely to open and read a letter containing a monetary PGI (vs. a nonmonetary PGI or no PGI). In addition, monetary PGIs increase response rates in donor acquisition campaigns. However, the return on investment for direct mail campaigns drops significantly when PGIs are included. Furthermore, average donations for appeals with a nonmonetary PGI or no PGI are similar, while those with a monetary PGI are actually lower than when a nonmonetary PGI or no PGI is included. This is because monetary PGIs increase exchange norms while decreasing communal norms. This effect remains significant when accounting for alternative explanations such as manipulative intent and the anchoring and adjustment heuristic.

Nongovernmental Campaign Communication Providing Ballot Secrecy Assurances Increases Turnout: Results From Two Large-Scale Experiments

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-624
Author(s):  
Alan S. Gerber ◽  
Gregory A. Huber ◽  
Albert H. Fang ◽  
Andrew Gooch
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Direct Mail ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Voter Mobilization ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Registered Voters

Doubts about the integrity of ballot secrecy persist and depress political participation among the American public. Prior experiments have shown that official communications directly addressing these doubts increase turnout among recently registered voters who had not previously voted, but evaluations of similar messages sent by nongovernmental campaigns have yielded only suggestive effects. We build on past research and analyze two large-scale field experiments where a private nonpartisan nonprofit group sought to increase turnout by emphasizing ballot secrecy assurances alongside a reminder to vote in a direct mail voter mobilization campaign during the 2014 midterm election. Our main finding is that a private group’s mailing increases turnout by about 1 percentage point among recently registered nonvoters. This finding is precisely estimated and robust across state political contexts, but is not statistically distinguishable from the effect of a standard voter mobilization appeal. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Nudging organizations: evidence from three large-scale field experiments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Ferraro ◽  
James Fan ◽  
Kent Messer ◽  
Collin Weigel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

Leaf Analysis as a Means of Diagnosing Nutrient Requirements of Tropical Orchard Crops

1935 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hardy ◽  
J. A. McDonald ◽  
G. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

1. Attention is drawn to the remarkable dissimilarity between the cacao and the grapefruit tree in their nutrient requirements, indicating that grapefruit is calcicolous in physiological habit. This conclusion is mainly based on a consideration of the results of chemical analysis of representative leaf material produced by trees grown on soil of known chemical and physical characteristics, under the same climatic conditions in Trinidad.2. The nutrient relationships that obtain between the cacao and the grapefruit tree respectively and the soil in which they are growing have been gauged by means of chemical analysis of representative leaf material.3. For this purpose, leaf material was obtained from trees growing on the differently manured plots of two large-scale field experiments in Trinidad.

INCREASE OF INFORMATION CONTENT WHEN TESTING THE METHOD OF RING LOADING

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 26-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. KUBETSKII ◽  
M. V. KOROLEV
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Torque Load ◽  
Rock Pillars

In the construction of essential structures for the determination of the mechanical properties of large-scale heterogeneous fractured rock soils, people usually rely on the results of more representative large-scale field testing when assigning expected performances. Such large-scale field testing is conducted with the help of concrete stamps or rock pillars, usually with a square in plan outsole, for compression and flat shear, in galleries or in open sites. However, there are drawbacks: the complexity in the implementation and interpretation of the testing data, low informativeness, etc. Due to the rectangular shape of the stamp, a very uneven stress state is implemented at its base during shear. In order to eliminate these drawbacks in 1979 V.L. Kubetskiy offered the method of the ring loading, in which the square base of a stamp (a pillar) was replaced by a ringone, and the shift was carried out by applying a torque load to the stamp. This gives the possibility to realize various stress-strain state in the soil massif, to provide a more uniform contact stress diagram at its base, to obtain technological advantages and additional information during the experiment and to interpret the experimental data more reasonably and reliably using more modern models. Adescription of the method, loading schemes, developed field and laboratory equipment, results and interpretation of field experiments using isotropic and transversally isotropic soil models is given. The ways of method modernization using inventory installations are described. Taking into consideration that the common trend of improving the methods of geomechanical testings is aimed to increase the accuracy and informativity and at the same time to decrease the labor intensity, the method of ring loading which is being improving nowadays is still competitive.

How Much GOTV Mail is Too Much? Results from a Large-Scale Field Experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Green ◽  
Adam Zelizer
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Direct Mail ◽  
Advocacy Group ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Senate Election

AbstractThis study evaluates the turnout effects of direct mail sent in advance of the 2014 New Hampshire Senate election. Registered Republican women were sent up to 10 mailings from a conservative advocacy group that encouraged participation in the upcoming election. We find that mail raises turnout, but no gains are achieved beyond five mailers. This finding is shown to be consistent with other experiments that have sent large quantities of mail. We interpret these results in light of marketing research on repetitive messaging.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document