Legitimacy and the Life Course: An Age-graded Examination of Changes in Legitimacy Attitudes over Time

Objectives: A body of literature has demonstrated that the perceived legitimacy of legal authorities is an important predictor of criminal offending. Criminal offending is itself age-graded and good explanations of offending should offer some insight for how it changes as individuals age. This article attempts to address this gap by developing and testing seven hypotheses regarding how legitimacy changes over time. Method: Using panel data from the Pathways to Desistance study, a latent growth model (LGM) for legitimacy examines how evaluations of legitimacy change from adolescence to emerging adulthood as well as what factors influence this change. Results: During the period individuals were involved in the study, the LGM revealed that perceptions of legitimacy increase as individuals progress through adolescence before stabilizing in emerging adulthood. Several theoretical factors were related to individuals’ legitimacy evaluations including parental evaluations of legitimacy, family support, emotionality, and self-control. Most importantly, perceptions of procedural justice were found to be related to legitimacy, but this relationship weakened as individuals aged. Conclusions: Evaluations of the legitimacy of legal authorities are, in fact, age-graded. Criminologists should continue to explore the sources of legitimacy evaluations in further developing legitimacy as an important theory of criminal behavior.

Download Full-text

Head Injuries and Changes in Delinquency from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0022427817710287 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 869-901 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Joseph A. Schwartz ◽

Eric J. Connolly ◽

Jonathan R. Brauer

Keyword(s):

Developmental Trajectories ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Self Control ◽

Indirect Pathway ◽

Youth Offenders ◽

Latent Growth ◽

Growth Curve Models ◽

Pathway Models ◽

The Life Course ◽

Pathways To Desistance

Objectives: The current study examines whether head injuries suffered earlier in the life course are associated with subsequent changes in self-control and delinquency. Methods: Latent growth curve models and path analysis are used to analyze the developmental trajectories of self-control and delinquency as well as the potential associations between head injury, self-control, and delinquency among a sample of youth offenders from the pathways to desistance study. Results: The results revealed significant associations between head injuries and short-term changes in self-control and subsequent increases in aggressive delinquency. Indirect pathway models revealed that lower levels of self-control significantly mediated the association between head injuries and starting levels in aggressive delinquency. The association between head injuries and changes in aggressive delinquency was also significantly mediated by self-control, but the association was negative, indicating that youth who previously suffered head injuries desisted from aggressive delinquency at a slightly faster rate than their noninjured peers. Additional analyses revealed that, despite accelerated rates of decline, injured youth engaged in significantly higher levels of aggressive delinquency throughout the entire observation period. Conclusion: Head injuries represent one environmental factor that may influence delinquent behaviors through their influence on biological and developmental processes.

Download Full-text

Acute Effects of Pedaling Cadence at Low Intensity on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Young Men

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-0753-5008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (01) ◽

pp. 3-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jun Yin ◽

Hao Wu ◽

Lan Yu ◽

Jing Zhang ◽

Weili Zhu

Keyword(s):

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Young Men ◽

Crossover Design ◽

Self Control ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Superior Effect ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

AbstractTo examine the acute influence of pedaling cadence on arterial stiffness in young men, 15 healthy men (21.8±0.4 years) underwent 3 trials in self-control crossover design: non-cycling control (CON), cycling at 60 (RPM60) and 90 rounds per min (RPM90). Cycling lasted 30 min at intensity of 35% heart rate reserve. Arterial stiffness in cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was measured at baseline (BL), immediately after (0 min) and 40 min after cycling. There were no significant CAVI changes over time in CON. CAVI in RPM60 decreased immediately after exercise and returned to baseline afterwards (6.1±0.2, 5.6±0.2 and 6.0±0.2 at BL, 0 and 40 min, respectively). RPM90 elicited significant CAVI reduction from 6.2±0.2 at BL to 5.5±0.2 at 0 min, and reverted to 5.7±0.1 at 40 min, maintaining significant difference to its baseline. There was no significant CAVI difference between RPM60 and CON, whereas CAVI in RPM90 was significantly lower than that in CON at 0 min (5.5±0.2 vs 6.1±0.2, P<0.01) and 40 min (5.7±0.1 vs 6.3±0.1, P<0.05). Despite equivalent exercise volume, arterial stiffness improvement induced by cycling was influenced by pedaling cadence. Higher cadence resulted in superior effect on arterial stiffness.

Download Full-text

Reconsidering Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: Linking the Micro- and Macro-Level Sources of Self-Control and Criminal Behavior over the Life Course

The Development of Persistent Criminality ◽

10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0017 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 361-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Travis C. Pratt

Keyword(s):

General Theory ◽

Life Course ◽

Criminal Behavior ◽

Self Control ◽

Macro Level ◽

General Theory Of Crime ◽

Theory Of Crime ◽

The Life Course

Download Full-text

Toward Integrated Processual Theories of Crime: Assessing the Developmental Effects of Executive Function, Self-Control, and Decision-Making on Offending

Criminal Justice and Behavior ◽

10.1177/0093854820942280 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 009385482094228

Author(s):

Sultan Altikriti

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Executive Function ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Moral Disengagement ◽

Juvenile Justice System ◽

Self Control ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Perceptions Of Risk ◽

The Life Course ◽

Pathways To Desistance

Research on executive function indicates that self-control stems partially from normative brain development. Extant research has also provided evidence of an association between self-control and offender decision-making. Yet, to date, there has been no attempt to account for these associations within one model. The current study used structural equation modeling to estimate the links between executive function, self-control, moral disengagement, and perceptions of risk and reward in a sample of male offenders ( n = 1,170) from the Pathways to Desistance data. The results indicated that executive function affects self-control, which subsequently influences perceptions of offending and offending behavior, supporting the integration of these concepts under one processual model. Moreover, moral disengagement, certainty of punishment, and rewards of offending mediated the majority of the effects of self-control on offending. The results from the current study advance theories in the life-course/developmental perspective and inform policy toward a developmentally oriented juvenile justice system.

Download Full-text

Marriage as a training ground: Examining change in self-control and forgiveness over the first 4 years of marriage

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships ◽

10.1177/0265407517721065 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 109-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tila M. Pronk ◽

Asuman Buyukcan-Tetik ◽

Marina M.A.H. Iliás ◽

Catrin Finkenauer

Keyword(s):

Growth Curves ◽

Self Control ◽

Latent Growth ◽

Latent Growth Curves ◽

Over Time

Do partners’ levels of self-control and forgiveness change over the course of marriage? Based on the idea that marriage may function as a training ground for these vital relationship abilities, we hypothesized that people increase their levels of self-control and forgiveness over time and that these developments take place simultaneously. We tested these predictions among 199 newlywed couples in the first 4 years of marriage, using a dyadic latent growth curves analysis. Confirming our hypotheses, results showed significant increases in self-control and forgiveness as well as a positive concurrent correlation between these variables. However, the developments of self-control and forgiveness were unrelated. So, while people become more self-controlled and forgiving over the course of a marriage, these developments do not coincide.

Download Full-text

Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000454 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marie Urban ◽

Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽

Isabelle Signolet ◽

Christophe Colas Ribas ◽

Mathieu Feuilloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Starting Values ◽

Two Systems ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽

New Sensors ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

Download Full-text