The emergence of the car-oriented city: Entanglements and transfer agents in West-Berlin, East-Berlin and Lyon, 1945–75

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-352
Author(s):  
Carla Assmann
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
East Berlin ◽  
West Berlin ◽  
Transnational Discourse ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World ◽  
Transfer Agents

It is well known how the planning model of a “car-oriented city” was common among Western experts in the post-Second World War period, but here we claim this approach was common in both sides of divided Berlin. Investigating East- and West-Berlin’s reconstruction, here we analyse the relationship between the transnational sphere of circulation and its local realisations. Focusing on the leading figures of urban planning in West- and East-Berlin (who acted as “transfer agents”, participating in the transnational discourse) let us to better frame Berlin’s urban history in the 1960s and 1970s. The example of Lyon as France’s most “car-friendly city” is included in the analysis, so to transcend traditional perspectives of Cold War-antagonism, as well as to show the diverse and multilateral ways of exchange. Finally, the findings of the article will put the established periodisation of the “car-oriented city” in question.

Ken Russell's Wartime Imagery

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
War Films ◽  
Personal Style ◽  
American Cinema ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
Wartime Experience ◽  
National Experience

This article traces Ken Russell's explorations of war and wartime experience over the course of his career. In particular, it argues that Russell's scattered attempts at coming to terms with war, the rise of fascism and memorialisation are best understood in terms of a combination of Russell's own tastes and personal style, wider stylistic and thematic trends in Euro-American cinema during the 1960s and 1970s, and discourses of collective national experience. In addition to identifying Russell's recurrent techniques, this article focuses on how the residual impacts of the First and Second World Wars appear in his favoured genres: literary adaptations and composer biopics. Although the article looks for patterns and similarities in Russell's war output, it differentiates between his First and Second World War films by indicating how he engages with, and temporarily inhabits, the stylistic regime of the enemy within the latter group.

scholarly journals THE “DURABLE HOMOPHOBIA” OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-219
Author(s):  
REGINA KUNZEL
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Therapeutic Practice ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

Psychoanalysis is at once a system of thought, a toolkit for cultural diagnosis and criticism, and a therapeutic practice. In Dagmar Herzog's exciting new book Cold War Freud: Psychoanalysis in an Age of Catastrophes, psychoanalysis is among the most transformative intellectual events of the twentieth century and is itself transformed by that century's roiling forces, shaping and profoundly shaped by politics and culture. Foregrounding the historicity of psychoanalysis requires Herzog to wrest psychoanalysis from its own claims to historical transcendence. “While psychoanalysis is often taken to be ahistorical in its view of human nature,” Herzog writes, “the opposite is the case” (2). After Freud's death, during the heyday of psychoanalysis in the 1940s and 1950s, through challenges to its authority in the 1960s and 1970s, to what Herzog calls its “second golden age” in the 1980s, the analytic frame offered by psychoanalysis (and the debates it generated) helped people grapple with the aftermath of the horrors of the Second World War and offered novel ways of thinking about the most important questions of the postwar decades: about aggression, guilt, trauma, the capacity for violence, indeed about “the very nature of the human self and its motivations” (1).

Suffering and liberation in the age of therapy: Germany’s ‘grandchildren of the Second World War’

Ethnography ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-470
Author(s):  
Lina Jakob
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Therapeutic Culture ◽  
Ethnographic Interviews ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
War Experiences ◽  
Emergent Identity ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

This article focuses on the ‘ Kriegsenkel’ – the German ‘grandchildren of the Second World War’. Born in the 1960s and 1970s, Kriegsenkel feel that through processes of transgenerational transmission unresolved war experiences were passed on to them by their families and are largely responsible for their emotional problems – from depression and anxiety disorders to relationship break-ups and career problems. I explore how, after decades of public taboos on the suffering of the majority population, this emergent identity is constructed and addressed entirely within the framework of Western therapeutic culture. Sociologists have long critiqued therapy culture for promoting political disengagement and attitudes of victimhood. Based on more than 80 ethnographic interviews, I argue that this view needs to be moderated to account for the ways in which individuals use therapeutic culture to exert agency and devise strategies to actively deal with emotional distress in an environment where wartime suffering is considered politically sensitive.

Mothers and the Labour Market

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Julia Brannen
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
World War ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

This chapter reflects on the shifting public discourses in Britain concerning mothers and the labour market from the end of the Second World War and shows how the framing of research questions reflects these changing public discourses. At the end of the Second World War, women were ejected from many of the jobs in which they had worked in wartime to create work for returning servicemen. This ejection marked a watershed in women's lives and a backward step in female emancipation. The author began research on mothers in the labour market in the late 1970s. At that time, home was still promoted as the ‘best place’ to rear young children and mothers the best people to do so. This narrative shifted in the late 1980s, reflecting not only the rapid growth in the employment of mothers with young children but the increased emphasis placed by government on market forces and the notion of ‘individual choice’. Reflecting these changes, the social research agenda also shifted. In the 1960s and 1970s, motherhood was a small field of inquiry occupied mainly by those concerned with family life or child development. Gradually, much of the territory of ‘family studies’ was taken over by feminist sociologists whose work threw the spotlight on to patriarchy and women's oppression.

From Classification to Interpretation: Libyan Prehistory, 1969–1989

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. W. Barker
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
World War ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World ◽  
Deep Sounding

In the 15 years following the Second World War, the available data on the prehistory of North Africa were summarised in a series of major syntheses (notably Alimen 1955; Balout 1955; Ford-Johnston 1959; and Vaufrey 1955). With stratified sequences few and far between, radiometric techniques of absolute dating still at the developmental stage, and little detailed information on palaeoenvironments, it was inevitable that the emphasis of all these studies was on the description and classification of the archaeological record, and its organisation into regional cultural sequences. As far as Libya was concerned, the prehistoric rock carvings of the Fezzan were already well known, particularly from the studies by Graziosi before the war (Graziosi 1934; 1937; 1942), but in terms of artifact assemblages Libyan prehistory was much less understood than the prehistoric sequences of the Maghreb to the west and accordingly much less represented in the syntheses of the 1950s. In general, the prehistory of North Africa was described as a succession of ‘cultural groups’ that were correlated more or less with the better-documented palaeolithic, mesolithic, and neolithic sequences of Europe.During the 1960s, two major studies of Libyan prehistory were published which have had a dominating influence on research in the following 20 years. The first was the publication by Charles McBurney (1967) of the deep stratigraphy of the Haua Fteah cave on the coast of Cyrenaica. McBurney began research on the Libyan Palaeolithic in the years immediately after the war, publishing a variety of surface collections (1947), trial excavations in the Hagfet ed Dabba cave (1950), and a joint study with C. W. Hey (1955) of the relationship between Pleistocene geological and archaeological sequences in Cyrenaica. His excavations in the Haua Fteah were conducted in 1951, 1952, and 1955, the deep sounding revealing a detailed sequence of layers spanning the middle and upper palaeolithic, epipalaeolithic (or mesolithic), and neolithic occupations of the cave (for initial reports: McBurney 1960; 1961; 1962). The full report was able not only to describe the remarkable sequence of assemblages, but also to correlate these with a palaeoenvironmental sequence established from faunal, molluscan, and sedimentary studies of the cave stratigraphy, the sequence also being tied to an absolute chronology based on 20 radiocarbon determinations. The Haua Fteah stratigraphy remains unique not only in Libya but in North Africa as a whole.

scholarly journals Indirection and the Rhetoric of Tyranny: Carl Schmitt's The Tyranny of Values 1960–1967

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Samuel Garrett Zeitlin
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
World War ◽  
Racial Theory ◽  
War Criminals ◽  
History Of ◽  
German Constitutional Court ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

This article situates Carl Schmitt's The Tyranny of Values (1960/1967/1979) within the context of Schmitt's 1940s and 1950s op-ed campaign for full amnesty for Nazi war criminals as well as the context of the Veit Harlan trials and the 1958 Lüth judgment of the German Constitutional Court. The article further examines the revisions to Schmitt's 1967 version of the text in the light of Karl Löwith's criticisms of Schmitt in an article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung from 1964. The article argues that The Tyranny of Values is a work of post-Second World War Nazi apologetics, in which Nazi racial theory can be seen being put to polemical ends in the 1960s and 1970s. The article concludes with broader reflections on the relation of Schmitt's The Tyranny of Values to Nazi discourse in the aftermath of the Second World War and the history of Nazism post-1945.

Humanitarian Action and Coordination

2018 ◽  
pp. 582-600
Author(s):  
Jeff Crisp
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Interagency Coordination ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

This chapter provides a historical perspective on the role of the United Nations in the areas of humanitarian action and coordination. It examines the UN’s emerging engagement in this domain in the aftermath of the Second World War, as well as the growth of the organization’s humanitarian role during the period of decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s. The chapter argues that the end of the Cold War created a humanitarian landscape that was more complex and dangerous than had previously been the case, giving rise to a range of acute policy dilemmas in relation to the protection and provision of assistance to refugees, displaced people, and other civilians. The chapter suggests that effective interagency coordination has been a chronic challenge for the UN in the humanitarian realm and provides a critical review of the different organizational arrangements that have been established to address this concern.

scholarly journals The Spirit of Fluxus as a Nomadic Art Movement

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
S.E. Wilmer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Conceptual Art ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Brain

Fluxus was the brain-child of a Lithuanian-born artist named George Maciunas whose family fled to Germany in the Second World War, where they eventually became displaced persons and later emigrated to the USA. Maciunas studied art and architecture in Pittsburgh and New York before working as an architect and graphic artist and founded the Fluxus movement at the beginning of the 1960s. During his student years, he became fascinated by nomadic art in Asia and Eastern Europe that would later influence his life’s work. This essay considers the relationship between his interest in nomadism and the nature of the Fluxus movement that spread across the world, breaking down barriers between art and life, privileging concrete and conceptual art, and staging unusual events. It applies Braidotti’s notion of the nomadic subject to Maciunas’ encouragement of radical styles of performance art, such as Yoko Ono’s minimalist conceptual work and Joseph Beuys’s Tatar-influenced use of fat and felt.

3. Nationalisms

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-58
Author(s):  
Donald Wright
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
English Canada ◽  
World War ◽  
Pierre Trudeau ◽  
The First World War ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

In theory, Canada is one nation. ‘Nationalisms’ shows that the reality is more complex. English Canada, Quebec, and First Nations groups have distinct identities, as does Newfoundland. The First World War divided English Canada and Quebec over conscription, and the Second World War also tested Canada’s national fault lines. The Quiet Revolutions made the 1960s and 1970s a period of excitement, cultural experimentation, and even violence, which was quashed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Legally, Quebec is a province but after referendums in the 1980s and 1990s, its struggle for independence was successful in everything but name.

scholarly journals Avant-gardes et expérimentations des formes dans les revues pharmaceutiques suisses: le cas Sandorama (1962–1965)

Gesnerus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-101
Author(s):  
Muriel Pic
Keyword(s):  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Pharmaceutical Marketing ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This article reports on formal experimentation (literary, graphic and cinematographic) in Swiss pharmaceutical journals in the 1960s based on a case study: the Sandorama journal of Laboratoires Sandoz. It looks at the relationship between arts, medicine and commerce, showing that the public trust of the doctors who read the journal is built up through forms. The inventiveness of the latter is part of the more global process of a reorganization of pharmaceutical marketing after the Second World War, due in particular to the arrival of psychotropic drugs on the market.

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