Multiparameter approach in the deep geoelectrics

The main provisions of geoelectrics are described, the importance of taking into account the ambiguity of its inverse problem is emphasized. Three main methods of deep geoelectrics which use natural fields of ionospheric-magnetospheric origin are considered: geomagnetic deep sounding (GDS), magnetotelluric sounding (MTS), and magnetovariational profiling (MVP). The response functions of each method are described. Each response function carries its own specific information about some parameters of the studied object and is characterized by the degree of reliability of the information about the object extracted from it. For example, the most reliable information about electrical conductivity anomalies (if any in the study area) is contained in the MVP response functions. The horizontal tensor of the anomalous field contains information about the electrical conductivity under the observation point, and the tipper (induction vector) contains information from the surrounding areas. In general, MVP information is less susceptible to distortions than MTS information and deserves more trust. Artificial field sources in deep geoelectrics are rarely used due to their high cost. Since 1970, two powerful sources created for other purposes arised on the Kola Peninsula and were used for deep sounding. In the center of these studies found themself young talented geologist-geophysicist and organizer of major projects AbdulkhaiAzimovichZhamaletdinov. The «Khibiny» project with an MHD generator and an ultra-deep well as one of the objects of the study, the «Zeus» low-frequency emitter, the signals of which were recorded in China at a distance of 7000 km, and a number of projects conceived and organized by Zhamaletdinov and executed under his leadership: «Volgograd-Donbass» (1979, 1986), experiments «PHOENIX» (2007, 2009, 2014, 2019) and others. At the same time, methods of interpretation were developed for sounding with artificial EM sources and new response functions were obtained which make it possible to «see» the object of research in a new way. This experience must be preserved, generalized, improved and used, for example as follows. In the area of modern synchronous multipoint MTS-MVP survey, a controlled source composed of two grounded lines emits strong current (harmonics at fixed frequencies and/or pulses) which signal will be recorded by survey instruments during night-time sessions.

PEMODELAN METODE DEEP SOUNDING TEM UNTUK MONITORING INJEKSI KARBON DIOKSIDA (CO2) PADA RESERVOIR

Pemantauan distribusi CO2 merupakan salah satu hal yang sangat penting dalam keberlanjutan CCS. Sampai saat ini pemantauan geofisika yang sering digunakan adalah metode seismik. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kemampuan metode deep TEM untuk melakukan pemantauan pada CCSmelalui pemodelan metode deep TEM untuk simulasi pemantauan injeksi CO2. Data TEM sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan injeksi CO2 dibandingkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh keberadaan CO2. Data TEM sebelum injeksi diperoleh dari pengukuran di lapangan pada tahun 2013. Data TEM setelah injeksi diperoleh dari hasil pemodelan ke depan dengan parameter model yang diperoleh dari hasil inversi data TEM lapangan. Pemodelan inversi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode inversi SVD damped least square. Proses inversi SVD digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi reservoir dan memetakan distribusi CO2pada reservoir. Hasil pemodelan inversi satu dimensi diolah menjadi model dua dimensi dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Rockworks16. Hasil pemodelan inversi data TEM lapangan menunjukkan bahwa reservoir mempunyai resistivitas rendah yaitu 2 Ωm sampai 4 Ωm. Reservoir ini berada pada kedalaman 900 m sampai 1200 m di bawah permukaan. Perbandingan data TEM sebelum injeksi CO2 dan setelah injeksi CO2 menunjukkan adanya pengaruh CO2 terhadap kurva data TEM sebelum dan setelah injeksi CO2 secara jelas. Pola kurva data TEM setelah injeksi menenjadi lebih curam pada bagian tengah dari pada kondisi sebelum ada injeksi CO2. Perubahan kurva TEM yang menjadi lebih curam tersebut disebabkan oleh keberadaan CO2 pada reservoir meningkatkan resistivitas reservoir. Lapisan reservoir setelah injeksi mempunyai resistivitas yang lebih tinggi membuat waktu peluruhan medan elektromagnetik pada lapisan tersebut menjadi lebih cepat, sehingga kurvanya menjadi lebih curam. Hasil pemodelan inversi setelah dilakukan injeksi CO2 mempunyai kesalahan perhitungan yang cukup kecil yaitu kurang dari 5%. Meskipun mempunyai kesalahan yang kecil hasil yang diperoleh tidak sesuai dengan kondisi yang sebenarnya. Hasil yang tidak sesuai tersebut dikarenakan solusi metode SVD damped least square bukan merupakan solusi yang unik. Selain itu, pendekatan lokal yang digunakanpada metode inversi tersebut membuat nilai minimum yang diperoleh saat proses inversi merupakan nilai minimum lokal. Sehingga hasil yang diperoleh tidak bisa menunjukkan pengaruh data secara keseluruhan meskipun dengan nilai kesalahan perhitungan yang kecil. Secara umum hasil yang diperoleh dari prosesinversi tidak bisa diterima, akan tetapi dari masing-masing titik data dapat teramati adanya peningkatan resistitas reservoir dari 1 Ωm sampai 3 Ωm.

Влияние ионосферы и неоднородной структуры Земли на поляризационные характеристики магнитного поля в диапазоне частот 0.2-200 Hz в ближней зоне горизонтальной заземленной антенны

Polarization characteristics of the field of an on-Earth emitter located at the Kola Peninsula are experimentally measured at a distance that is no greater than the height of an effective ionospheric waveguide in the FENICS-2014 experiment. Variations in the field amplitude and orientation of the major axis of polarization ellipse are observed at lower frequencies upon significant changes of the K index of geomagnetic activity. Polarization characteristics of the horizontal component of magnetic field calculated with allowance for the ionosphere and two-layer Earth structure prove the observed sensitivity of the ultralow- and lower-frequency filed in the near-field zone to the state of ionosphere at lower conductivity of underlying medium. Theoretical results are compared with the experimental data. The results are important for deep sounding of the Earth and monitoring of ionosphere with the aid of controlled low-frequency ground sources.

Use of Sonification of Radar Data for Noise Control

Deep sounding radar surveys for geophysical exploration requires the detection of faint reflections from deep subsurface structures. Signal to noise enhancement through extensive data stacking is effective provided the data noise is incoherent and time-invariant. We describe the use of sonification of radar data for quality control of peripheral equipment, specifically to detect unwanted noise with a temporal pattern. The sonification process consists of filtering and time-scaling radio frequency data and interpreting the result as audio, a process usually referred to as auralization. A small user study was performed to quantify variations in individual performance in detecting these.

Interwoven Strands for Refining the Chronology of the Neolithic Tell of Vinča-Belo Brdo, Serbia

A formally modeled radiocarbon chronology for a new profile through the great Neolithic tell of Vinča-Belo Brdo, Serbia, is the third interwoven strand in refining the chronology of the tell. This now joins models for the whole sequence based on the archive of early excavations, and for the last two known horizons at the top of the settlement mound, investigated in recent decades. In the new deep sounding, Vinča culture occupation from the 52nd century cal BC is slightly later than in the main sequence, probably reflecting the horizontal extension of the tell as it began to grow. The last dated occupation falls in the late 47th–early 46th century cal BC, slightly earlier than in the main sequence, but the top of the profile is affected by the slippage that caused the new excavations. Formal estimates are given for the succession and varying durations of burnt and unburnt houses, and indicate a period in the first part of the 5th millennium without house burning. Overall, the combined results from the three interwoven strands serve to produce a radically enhanced understanding of the temporality of the tell, which builds on, rather than supplants, previous research. We knew previously that Vinča-Belo Brdo was very long-lived, but now we can time that history with much greater precision. We can assert with much greater confidence that its vertical buildup was steady and largely uninterrupted. We have begun, from the work on the top of the tell and in the new deep sounding, to grasp better the fluctuations in house durations from generation to generation, and can now contrast the relative fortunes of unburnt and burnt houses. We can say much more about the timing and tempo of the ending of the tell, and about the possible circumstances in which that took place.

The Cyrenaican Prehistory Project 2013: the seventh season of excavations in the Haua Fteah cave

The paper reports the preliminary results from the short season of fieldwork that the Cyrenaican Prehistory Project was able to undertake with a small Anglo-Libyan team in September 2013. The work concentrated on continuing the excavation of Trench M down the southern side of the Middle Trench and of Trench D on the southern side of the Deep Sounding below it, the eventual objective being to link these so as to provide a high quality dataset of sedimentary and cultural data from the top to the bottom of the Pleistocene occupation deposit (some 12 m). The ~1 m of sediments investigated in Trench M in the 2013 fieldwork includes carbonate crusts possibly formed in oscillating sub-humid to arid climatic pulses, perhaps likely during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4, around 60,000–70,000 years ago. One of these crusts formed the base on which a hearth-like structure had been built. In Trench D evidence for human occupation appears to decline moving up the profile, coinciding with sedimentary evidence of more frequent disruptive climatic events possibly associated with latter stages of MIS 5.