Affection of the Trigeminal Nerve Nucleus and Central Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord following the Administration of Stilbamidine

To describe the ganglion-cells of the Mammalian spinal cord as confined to the grey substance of the cord is not quite strictly correct. Beisso was the first to draw attention to the fact, that apart from axis-cylinder processes which pass into the ventral roots from cells of the ventral cornu, there project also from those cells of the cornu which lie next the white column other branches to mingle with the fibres of the bundles of the ventral nerve-roots. The ganglion-cells of the grey matter often, by one or more of their processes, jut partially into the white matter. The descriptions of Beisso, Pick, and Schiefferdecker have further shown that in certain situations in the anterior and lateral columns, ganglion-cells lie outside the grey substance in the surrounding white matter. Since Gaskell, in 1885, drew attention to the ganglion-cells in the cord of Alligator, lying at the periphery of the antero-lateral column, and, of course, quite removed from the central grey matter, I have often searched in the cord of the Mammalia for evidence of similarly situated cells; always, however, without success. The search has, however, persuaded me that isolated ganglion-cells are no infrequent constituents of the white columns. The cords examined by me have been chiefly those of Man, the Monkey (Bonnet, Jew, and Rhesus), and the Dog. A number of sections have also been prepared from the Cat, Lion, Calf, Bat, Mouse, Rabbit, and Guinea-pig. The out-lying ganglion-cells in the white matter may conveniently be considered in three sections, according as their situation is within the anterior (ventral), the lateral, or the posterior (dorsal) white column respectively.

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Amino-acid uptake compared in motor neurons, spinal cord grey matter, muscle and liver

Journal of the Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1016/0022-510x(67)90033-0 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 501-510 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

H. Ford ◽

R. Rhines

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Motor Neurons ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Amino Acid Uptake ◽

Acid Uptake

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Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458508096876 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 180-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

CP Gilmore ◽

JJG Geurts ◽

N Evangelou ◽

JCJ Bot ◽

RA van Schijndel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

White Matter ◽

Mr Imaging ◽

High Field ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Great Majority ◽

Proton Density ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Mr Images ◽

The Brain

Background Post-mortem studies demonstrate extensive grey matter demyelination in MS, both in the brain and in the spinal cord. However the clinical significance of these plaques is unclear, largely because they are grossly underestimated by MR imaging at conventional field strengths. Indeed post-mortem MR studies suggest the great majority of lesions in the cerebral cortex go undetected, even when performed at high field. Similar studies have not been performed using post-mortem spinal cord material. Aim To assess the sensitivity of high field post-mortem MRI for detecting grey matter lesions in the spinal cord in MS. Methods Autopsy material was obtained from 11 MS cases and 2 controls. Proton Density-weighted images of this formalin-fixed material were acquired at 4.7Tesla before the tissue was sectioned and stained for Myelin Basic Protein. Both the tissue sections and the MR images were scored for grey matter and white matter plaques, with the readers of the MR images being blinded to the histopathology results. Results Our results indicate that post-mortem imaging at 4.7Tesla is highly sensitive for cord lesions, detecting 87% of white matter lesions and 73% of grey matter lesions. The MR changes were highly specific for demyelination, with all lesions scored on MRI corresponding to areas of demyelination. Conclusion Our work suggests that spinal cord grey matter lesions may be detected on MRI more readily than GM lesions in the brain, making the cord a promising site to study the functional consequences of grey matter demyelination in MS.

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Comparative Electron Microscopy of Synapses in the Vertebrate Spinal Cord

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.1.1.67 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 67-80

Author(s):

B. T. CHARLTON ◽

E. G. GRAY

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Synaptic Transmission ◽

Tight Junctions ◽

Presynaptic Inhibition ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Rare Occurrence ◽

Lower Vertebrates ◽

Mode Of Transmission ◽

Comparative Electron

Synapses with a cleft with ‘thickened’ membranes and presynaptic vesicles and mitochondria occur commonly throughout the grey matter of the spinal cord of goldfish, frog and various mammals studied. Such synapses are generally thought to have a chemical mode of transmission. The absence or rare occurrence of presynaptic neurofilaments in fish and frog accounts for the failure to detect boutons by silver methods, and there is no need to postulate morphologically unspecialized synaptic contacts in the lower vertebrates as some light microscopists did. Both fish and frog show axo-somatic or axo-dendritic tight junctions, which could be sites of electrical synaptic transmission. No neuronal tight junctions have yet been seen in the mammalian spinal cord. Axo-axo-dendritic synapses have been seen in the frog and mammalian cord, but not so far in the fish. Such serial synapses may be responsible for presynaptic inhibition. Neuroglia of fish, frog and mammals have tight junctions at their apposed surfaces. These differ structurally from neuronal tight junctions. Neuroglia in fish cord have, in addition, desmosomes at their apposed surfaces.

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Neuropathology of two Brazilian autopsied cases of tropical spastic paraparesis / HTLV-I associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) of long evolution

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x2002000400003 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 60 (3A) ◽

pp. 531-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carlos Maurício de Castro-Costa ◽

René Dom ◽

Herwig Carton ◽

Patrick Goubau ◽

Terezinha de Jesus Teixeira Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Spastic Paraparesis ◽

Tropical Spastic Paraparesis ◽

Spinal Cord Atrophy ◽

Thoracic Cord

We report on a neuropathological analysis of two cases of TSP/HAM originating from Brazil. These two cases had, respectively, an evolution of 13 and 40 years. The main neuropathological findings consisted of spinal cord atrophy, mainly the lower thoracic cord, diffuse degeneration of the white and grey matter, rare foci of mononuclear and perivascular cuffs, and hyaline hardening of arteriolae. The supraspinal structures were normal, excepting for a slight gliosis in the cerebellum. An analysis on the long evolutive cases as described in the literature is outlined in this study.

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P.059 Brachial plexus enhancement in acute flaccid myelitis: A novel radiographic finding

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/cjn.2019.159 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (s1) ◽

pp. S30

Author(s):

SC Hammond ◽

M Almomen ◽

A Mineyko ◽

A Pauranik

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Peripheral Nerves ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Radiographic Finding ◽

Mri Imaging ◽

Full Spectrum ◽

Acute Flaccid Myelitis ◽

History Of ◽

The Brain

Background: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a condition which causes acute paralysis in pediatric patients. Although awareness of AFM is increasing, the pathophysiology and full spectrum of clinical, biochemical, and radiographic features remain to be fully elucidated. Methods: We report a 5 year-old, previously healthy, male patient who presented with acute right upper extremity weakness following a two day history of fever, cough, and fatigue. The patient underwent extensive inflammatory and infectious workup in addition to MRI imaging of the brain, spinal cord, and bilateral brachial plexuses. Results: Infectious and inflammatory workup did not identify a causative agent. The patient was seen to have bilateral asymmetric (R>L) thickening and enhancement of the anterior horn cells of his cervical (C3-C7) spine, consistent with the spinal grey matter lesions previously described in patients with AFM. Enhancement of the corresponding anterior nerve rootlets and bilateral brachial plexuses was also seen. Conclusions: Patients with acute flaccid myelitis may demonstrate grey matter enhancement extending beyond the spinal cord to the peripheral nerves and plexuses, a radiographic finding which has not previously been published.

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Mechanical properties of spinal cord grey matter and white matter in confined compression

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials ◽

10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104044 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 112 ◽

pp. 104044

Author(s):

Justin Yu ◽

Neda Manouchehri ◽

Shun Yamamoto ◽

Brian K. Kwon ◽

Thomas R. Oxland

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

White Matter ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Confined Compression

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Targeting Small Molecule Delivery to the Brain and Spinal Cord via Intranasal Administration of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein (RVG29)-Modified PLGA Nanoparticles

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics12020093 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 93 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Eugene P. Chung ◽

Jennifer D. Cotter ◽

Alesia V. Prakapenka ◽

Rebecca L. Cook ◽

Danielle M. DiPerna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Rabies Virus ◽

Trigeminal Nerve ◽

Intranasal Administration ◽

Plga Nanoparticles ◽

Rabies Virus Glycoprotein ◽

Virus Glycoprotein ◽

Targeted Nanoparticles ◽

Effective Delivery

Alternative routes of administration are one approach that could be used to bypass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) for effective drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we focused on intranasal delivery of polymer nanoparticles. We hypothesized that surface modification of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29) would increase residence time and exposure of encapsulated payload to the CNS compared to non-targeted nanoparticles. Delivery kinetics and biodistribution were analyzed by administering nanoparticles loaded with the carbocyanine dye 1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethylindotricarbocyanine Iodide (DiR) to healthy mice. Intranasal administration yielded minimal exposure of nanoparticle payload to most peripheral organs and rapid, effective delivery to whole brain. Regional analysis of payload delivery within the CNS revealed higher delivery to tissues closest to the trigeminal nerve, including the olfactory bulb, striatum, midbrain, brainstem, and cervical spinal cord. RVG29 surface modifications presented modest targeting benefits to the striatum, midbrain, and brainstem 2 h after administration, although targeting was not observed 30 min or 6 h after administration. Payload delivery to the trigeminal nerve was 3.5× higher for targeted nanoparticles compared to control nanoparticles 2 h after nanoparticle administration. These data support a nose-to-brain mechanism of drug delivery that closely implicates the trigeminal nerve for payload delivery from nanoparticles via transport of intact nanoparticles and eventual diffusion of payload. Olfactory and CSF routes are also observed to play a role. These data advance the utility of targeted nanoparticles for nose-to-brain drug delivery of lipophilic payloads and provide mechanistic insight to engineer effective delivery vectors to treat disease in the CNS.

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