scholarly journals P.059 Brachial plexus enhancement in acute flaccid myelitis: A novel radiographic finding

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (s1) ◽  
pp. S30
Author(s):  
SC Hammond ◽  
M Almomen ◽  
A Mineyko ◽  
A Pauranik
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Radiographic Finding ◽  
Mri Imaging ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Acute Flaccid Myelitis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

Background: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a condition which causes acute paralysis in pediatric patients. Although awareness of AFM is increasing, the pathophysiology and full spectrum of clinical, biochemical, and radiographic features remain to be fully elucidated. Methods: We report a 5 year-old, previously healthy, male patient who presented with acute right upper extremity weakness following a two day history of fever, cough, and fatigue. The patient underwent extensive inflammatory and infectious workup in addition to MRI imaging of the brain, spinal cord, and bilateral brachial plexuses. Results: Infectious and inflammatory workup did not identify a causative agent. The patient was seen to have bilateral asymmetric (R>L) thickening and enhancement of the anterior horn cells of his cervical (C3-C7) spine, consistent with the spinal grey matter lesions previously described in patients with AFM. Enhancement of the corresponding anterior nerve rootlets and bilateral brachial plexuses was also seen. Conclusions: Patients with acute flaccid myelitis may demonstrate grey matter enhancement extending beyond the spinal cord to the peripheral nerves and plexuses, a radiographic finding which has not previously been published.

Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
CP Gilmore ◽  
JJG Geurts ◽  
N Evangelou ◽  
JCJ Bot ◽  
RA van Schijndel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
High Field ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
The Brain

Background Post-mortem studies demonstrate extensive grey matter demyelination in MS, both in the brain and in the spinal cord. However the clinical significance of these plaques is unclear, largely because they are grossly underestimated by MR imaging at conventional field strengths. Indeed post-mortem MR studies suggest the great majority of lesions in the cerebral cortex go undetected, even when performed at high field. Similar studies have not been performed using post-mortem spinal cord material. Aim To assess the sensitivity of high field post-mortem MRI for detecting grey matter lesions in the spinal cord in MS. Methods Autopsy material was obtained from 11 MS cases and 2 controls. Proton Density-weighted images of this formalin-fixed material were acquired at 4.7Tesla before the tissue was sectioned and stained for Myelin Basic Protein. Both the tissue sections and the MR images were scored for grey matter and white matter plaques, with the readers of the MR images being blinded to the histopathology results. Results Our results indicate that post-mortem imaging at 4.7Tesla is highly sensitive for cord lesions, detecting 87% of white matter lesions and 73% of grey matter lesions. The MR changes were highly specific for demyelination, with all lesions scored on MRI corresponding to areas of demyelination. Conclusion Our work suggests that spinal cord grey matter lesions may be detected on MRI more readily than GM lesions in the brain, making the cord a promising site to study the functional consequences of grey matter demyelination in MS.

EXPERIENCES WITH THE MANAGEMENT OF PLEXIFORM NEUROFIBROMA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-488
Author(s):  
Charles L. Minor ◽  
C. Everett Koop
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Plexiform Neurofibroma ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Plexiform neurofibroma is a relatively uncommon manifestation of diffuse neurofibromatosis and is characterized by its unique gross appearance. Because of its tendency to involve peripheral nerves centripetally it must be vigorously treated surgically to prevent damage to vital areas, notably the brain and spinal cord, although the tumor is basically benign. We have presented our experience with 11 children who had this disease, demonstrating that despite the propensity for the growth to crop up in several areas it can be eradicated locally, and the patient may have no further trouble for a long time. We believe that resectable lesions should be removed even though this may require repeated operations over a period of several years.

Neurotropic behaviour of Trichobilharzia regenti in ducks and mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hrádková ◽  
P. Horák
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Trichobilharzia Regenti

AbstractThe bird nasal schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti is a new agent of cercarial dermatitis. Cercariae are able to penetrate the skin of birds and mammals including man. The parasite then attacks the central nervous system. The present study has shown that schistosomula avoid penetration of blood capillaries and enter the peripheral nerves of the legs of mice and ducks as early as 1 day post-infection (p.i.) and 1.5 days p.i., respectively. These peripheral nerves are used as a route to the spinal cord. In the specific host (duck) schistosomula were found in the spinal cord from 2 days p.i. until 15 days p.i. and in the brain from 12 days p.i. until 18 days p.i. In non-specific hosts (mice; inbred strains BALB/c, hr/hr, SCID) living schistosomula were found in the spinal cord from 2 days p.i. until 21 or 24 days p.i. (depending on the mouse strain) and in the brain of two (BALB/c, SCID) of three inbred strains from 3 days p.i. until 24 days p.i. No correlation was found between the infection dose and clinical status of the experimental hosts. A high affinity of schistosomula for the peripheral nerves was also proved in vitro, suggesting a new type of migratory behaviour in schistosomatids.

Ibn Jazlah and his 11th century accounts (Taqwim al-abdan fi tadbir al-insan) of disease of the brain and spinal cord

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shane Tubbs ◽  
Marios Loukas ◽  
Mohammadali M. Shoja ◽  
Mohammad Ardalan ◽  
W. Jerry Oakes
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

The 11th century was culturally and medicinally one of the most exciting periods in the history of Islam. Medicine of this day was influenced by the Greeks, Indians, Persians, Coptics, and Syriacs. One of the most prolific writers of this period was Ibn Jazlah, who resided in Baghdad in the district of Karkh. Ibn Jazlah made many important observations regarding diseases of the brain and spinal cord. These contributions and a review of the life and times of this early Muslim physician are presented.

Anaplastic Astrocytoma in the Spinal Cord of an African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 934-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Gibson ◽  
N. M. A. Parry ◽  
R. M. Jakowski ◽  
D. Eshar
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Anaplastic Astrocytoma ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Cellular Infiltration ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

A 2–year-old, female hedgehog presented with an 8–month history of progressive, ascending paresis/paralysis and was tentatively diagnosed with wobbly hedgehog syndrome. She died awaiting further diagnostic tests, and the owners consented to postmortem examination. Grossly, the bladder was large and flaccid and the cervical and lumbar spinal cord were regionally enlarged, light grey, and friable with multifocal hemorrhages. The thoracic spinal cord was grossly normal. Microscopically all regions of the spinal cord had similar changes, although the cervical and lumbar sections were most severely affected. These regions were completely effaced by a moderately cellular infiltration of highly pleomorphic polygonal to spindle shaped cells, mineralization, and necrosis, which were most consistent with anaplastic astrocytoma. The thoracic spinal cord white matter was similarly infiltrated by the neoplastic cells, with perivascular extension into the otherwise normal grey matter. A diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma was confirmed using immunohistochemical stains that were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100.

CASE REPORT: ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS IN A PALLAS’S SQUIRREL (CALLOSCIURUS ERYTHRAEUS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Chieh Tuan ◽  
Hsin-Yu Kuo ◽  
Ji-Hang Yin ◽  
Fun-Rewn Chang ◽  
Kwong-Chung Tung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Callosciurus Erythraeus ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

This is a rare case of a wild squirrel that was diagnosed with angiostrongyliasis characterized by the presence of larvae-induced eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis. A wild, intact, male Pallas’s squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) of unknown age was presented with a history of progressive paralysis in both forelimbs and hindlimbs. Gradually, the squirrel showed signs of deterioration, found dead and submitted for a complete pathological diagnosis. Necropsy revealed the presence of severe and diffuse congestion in the subarachnoid space of the brain and mild congestion in the spinal cord. Microscopically, severe meningoencephalomyelitis and interstitial pneumonia were consistent with lesions induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis). Although A. cantonensis has been widely studied in rabbits, mice and humans, infection in squirrels has not been documented. This may be the first reported case of angiostrongyliasis in the Pallas’s squirrel.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Two Distinct Urotensin II-Related Peptides in Zebrafish Provides New Insight into the Evolutionary History of the Urotensin II Gene Family

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 2330-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Parmentier ◽  
Emilie Hameury ◽  
Christophe Dubessy ◽  
Feng B. Quan ◽  
Damien Habert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Urotensin Ii ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

The urotensin II (UII) family is currently known to consist of two paralogous peptides, namely UII and UII-related peptide (URP). In contrast to UII, which has been identified in all vertebrate classes so far, URP has only been characterized in tetrapods. We report here the occurrence of two distinct URP genes in teleosts, which we have named URP1 and URP2. Synteny analysis revealed that teleost URP1 and URP2 genes and tetrapod URP genes represent three distinct paralog genes that, together with the UII gene, probably arose from the two rounds of tetraploidization, which took place early in vertebrate evolution. The absence of URP in fish indicates that the corresponding gene has been lost in the teleost lineage, whereas it is likely that both the URP1 and URP2 genes have been lost in the tetrapod lineage. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the URP2 gene is mainly expressed in the spinal cord and the brain in adult zebrafish. In situ hybridization experiments showed that in zebrafish embryos, URP2 mRNA-containing cells are located in the floor plate of the neural tube. In adult, URP2-expressing cells occur in close contact with the ventral side of the ependymal canal along the whole spinal cord, whereas in the brain, they are located below the fourth ventricle. These URP-expressing cells may correspond to cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons. In conclusion, our study reveals the occurrence of four distinct UII paralogous systems in vertebrates that may exert distinct functions, both in tetrapods and teleosts.

scholarly journals Neuromonitoring

2020 ◽  
pp. S35-S39
Author(s):  
M Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Surgical Approach ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Awake Patient ◽  
Permanent Damage ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

Neuromonitoring is used during surgery to assess the functional integrity of the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. The aim of monitoring is to prevent permanent damage by early intervention when changes are detected in the monitor. Neuromonitoring is also used to map areas of the nervous system in order to guide management in some cases. The best neuromonitor remains the awake patient. In the conscious state, the function of individual parts of the nervous system and the complex interactions of its different parts can be assessed more accurately. However, most surgical procedures involving the nervous system require general anaesthesia. Procedures that require neuromonitoring can have changes in their monitored parameters corrected by modifying the surgical approach or by having the anaesthesiologist manipulate the parameters under their control. An ideal neuromonitor would be one that is specific for the parameter of interest, and gives reliable, reproducible, or continuous results.

scholarly journals Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: a rare cause of delirium

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. e230118
Author(s):  
Osakpolor Ogbebor ◽  
Kavya Patel
Keyword(s):  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Mri Imaging ◽  
Hashimoto’S Encephalopathy ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody ◽  
Remarkable Recovery ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

Cognitive impairment is a frequent presentation of patients who come to the hospital. We report a case of a patient who presents with a common symptom, however, with a rare disease. This is an 84-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation who was reported to have confusion of 3 weeks. Investigations, including a complete blood count, MRI imaging of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and paraneoplastic screen, were all negative. Of note, thyroid peroxidase antibody was elevated. She did not have a history of thyroid disease. Following this, an assessment of Hashimoto encephalopathy was made. She was started on steroids and she showed remarkable recovery within 2 months, therefore, confirming the diagnosis. This case report emphasises the need to consider Hashimoto’s encephalopathy as a differential for delirium especially when other common aetiologies have been ruled out.

Primary meningeal osteosarcoma of the brain during childhood

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Dagcinar ◽  
Fatih Bayrakli ◽  
Ozlem Yapicier ◽  
Memet Ozek
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Complete Resection ◽  
Rare Tumors ◽  
Initial Surgery ◽  
Histopathological Evaluation ◽  
Fast Progression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clonic Seizures ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tumor Enlargement

✓ Primary meningeal osteosarcomas are rare tumors, with only 19 reported cases in the literature; only 4 of these, including the present case, are in pediatric patients. In this report, the authors present the case of an 8-year-old boy with a history of generalized tonic–clonic seizures who was found to harbor a meningeal osteosarcoma within the sylvian fissure. Initial working diagnoses included meningioma and glioma. After tumor enlargement and progressive symptoms, the patient underwent a large frontotemporal craniotomy and complete resection of the lesion, which recurred 6 and 12 months after the initial surgery and was surgically treated after each recurrence. The rarity of primary meningeal osteosarcomas can make their diagnosis difficult, and histopathological evaluation is mandatory for diagnosis. Because of their fast progression, they must be treated aggressively by means of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

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