scholarly journals Socio-spatial factors associated with ethnic inequalities in districts of England and Wales, 2001–2011

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 2540-2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitty Lymperopoulou ◽  
Nissa Finney
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Ethnic Density ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Ethnic Inequalities ◽  
Area Classification

This paper explores the changing geography of ethnic inequality in England and Wales drawing on data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses. Specifically, we use the 2011 Office for National Statistics (ONS) area classification to examine how ethnic inequalities within local areas with different demographic and socio-economic characteristics have changed over time. Local ethnic inequalities are examined through a set of indicators which capture differences in housing, health, employment and education between ethnic minority groups and the White British in local authority districts in England and Wales. The results suggest that ethnic inequalities are widespread and persistent, and highlight the different ways in which inequalities manifest for particular ethnic groups in different localities. Ethnic inequality in housing and employment is severe for most ethnic minority groups, particularly in large urban areas that have been traditional settlement areas for ethnic minorities. However, inequalities increased most over the decade 2001–2011 in rural and coastal areas that have low ethnic diversity levels and small ethnic minority populations. The paper considers these findings in relation to theories of service provision and racism, ethnic density, and immigrant adaptation.

Neighborhood ethnic density and psychotic disorders among ethnic minority groups in Utrecht City

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Termorshuizen ◽  
Hugo M. Smeets ◽  
Arjan W. Braam ◽  
Wim Veling
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Density

scholarly journals Ethnic minority groups in England and Wales - factors affecting the size and timing of elevated COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective cohort study linking Census and death records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ayoubkhani ◽  
Vahe Nafilyan ◽  
Chris White ◽  
Peter Goldblatt ◽  
Charlotte Gaughan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
England And Wales

Objectives: To estimate population-level associations between ethnicity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality, and to investigate how ethnicity-specific mortality risk evolved over the course of the pandemic. Design: Retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data. Setting: England and Wales, deaths occurring 2 March to 15 May 2020. Participants: Respondents to the 2011 Census of England and Wales aged ≤100 years and enumerated in private households, linked to death registrations and adjusted to account for emigration before the outcome period, who were alive on 1 March 2020 (n=47,872,412). Main outcome measure: Death related to COVID-19, registered by 29 May 2020. Statistical methods: We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for ethnic minority groups compared with the White population using Cox regression models, controlling for geographical, demographic, socio-economic, occupational, and self-reported health factors. HRs were estimated on the full outcome period and separately for pre- and post-lockdown periods in the UK. Results: In the age-adjusted models, people from all ethnic minority groups were at elevated risk of COVID-19 mortality; the HRs for Black males and females were 3.13 [95% confidence interval: 2.93 to 3.34] and 2.40 [2.20 to 2.61] respectively. However, in the fully adjusted model for females, the HRs were close to unity for all ethnic groups except Black (1.29 [1.18 to 1.42]). For males, COVID-19 mortality risk remained elevated for the Black (1.76 [1.63 to 1.90]), Bangladeshi/Pakistani (1.35 [1.21 to 1.49]) and Indian (1.30 [1.19 to 1.43]) groups. The HRs decreased after lockdown for all ethnic groups, particularly Black and Bangladeshi/Pakistani females. Conclusions: Differences in COVID-19 mortality between ethnic groups were largely attenuated by geographical and socio-economic factors, although some residual differences remained. Lockdown was associated with reductions in excess mortality risk in ethnic minority populations, which has major implications for a second wave of infection or local spikes. Further research is needed to understand the causal mechanisms underpinning observed differences in COVID-19 mortality between ethnic groups.

scholarly journals Do ethnic inequalities in multimorbidity reflect ethnic differences in socioeconomic status? The HELIUS study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim J G M Verest ◽  
Henrike Galenkamp ◽  
Bea Spek ◽  
Marieke B Snijder ◽  
Karien Stronks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Inequalities ◽  
Minority Men ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Simultaneous Adjustment ◽  
Adjusted Model

Abstract Background The burden of multimorbidity is likely higher in ethnic minority populations, as most individual diseases are more prevalent in minority groups. However, information is scarce. We examined ethnic inequalities in multimorbidity, and investigated to what extent they reflect differences in socioeconomic status (SES). Methods We included Healthy Life in an Urban Setting study participants of Dutch (N = 4582), South-Asian Surinamese (N = 3258), African Surinamese (N = 4267), Ghanaian (N = 2282), Turkish (N = 3879) and Moroccan (N = 4094) origin (aged 18–70 years). Educational level, employment status, income situation and multimorbidity were defined based on questionnaires. We described the prevalence and examined age-adjusted ethnic inequalities in multimorbidity with logistic regression analyses. To assess the contribution of SES, we added SES indicators to the age-adjusted model. Results The prevalence of multimorbidity ranged from 27.1 to 53.4% in men and from 38.5 to 69.6% in women. The prevalence of multimorbidity in most ethnic minority groups was comparable to the prevalence among Dutch participants who were 1–3 decades older. After adjustment for SES, the odds of multimorbidity remained significantly higher in ethnic minority groups. For instance, age-adjusted OR for multimorbidity for the Turkish compared to the Dutch changed from 4.43 (3.84–5.13) to 2.34 (1.99–2.75) in men and from 5.35 (4.69–6.10) to 2.94 (2.54–3.41) in women after simultaneous adjustment for all SES indicators. Conclusions We found a significantly higher prevalence of multimorbidity in ethnic minority men and women compared to Dutch, and results pointed to an earlier onset of multimorbidity in ethnic minority groups. These inequalities in multimorbidity were not fully accounted for by differences in SES.

Ethnic Residential Segregation and Assimilation in British Towns and Cities: a Comparison of those claiming Single and Du-al Ethnic Identities

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Johnston ◽  
Michael Poulsen ◽  
James Forrest
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽  
Case Data

There is considerable public debate over the degree of residential segregation of members of ethnic minority groups in British urban areas. Some claim that this is increasing, others that with economic and social assimilation members of those minority groups are increasingly moving away from the areas of initial concentration. The implication is that the more assimilated are also the least segregated. To test whether this is the case, data from the 2001 British census are used to explore whether those who claim a mixed or dual ethnic identity – and who are assumed to be more assimilated than those who identify with one of the minority groups only – are less segregated residentially. The evidence overwhelmingly sustains that argument that they are. 

scholarly journals Ethnic-minority groups in England and Wales—factors associated with the size and timing of elevated COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective cohort study linking census and death records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ayoubkhani ◽  
Vahé Nafilyan ◽  
Chris White ◽  
Peter Goldblatt ◽  
Charlotte Gaughan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Data Set ◽  
England And Wales

Abstract Background We estimated population-level associations between ethnicity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality using a newly linked census-based data set and investigated how ethnicity-specific mortality risk evolved during the pandemic. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of respondents to the 2011 Census of England and Wales in private households, linked to death registrations and adjusted for emigration (n = 47 872 412). The outcome of interest was death involving COVID-19 between 2 March 2020 and 15 May 2020. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for ethnic-minority groups compared with the White population, controlling for individual, household and area characteristics. HRs were estimated on the full outcome period and separately for pre- and post-lockdown periods. Results In age-adjusted models, people from all ethnic-minority groups were at elevated risk of COVID-19 mortality; the HRs for Black males and females were 3.13 (95% confidence interval: 2.93 to 3.34) and 2.40 (2.20 to 2.61), respectively. However, in fully adjusted models for females, the HRs were close to unity for all ethnic groups except Black [1.29 (1.18 to 1.42)]. For males, the mortality risk remained elevated for the Black [1.76 (1.63 to 1.90)], Bangladeshi/Pakistani [1.35 (1.21 to 1.49)] and Indian [1.30 (1.19 to 1.43)] groups. The HRs decreased after lockdown for all ethnic groups, particularly Black and Bangladeshi/Pakistani females. Conclusion Differences in COVID-19 mortality between ethnic groups were largely attenuated by geographical and socio-demographic factors, though some residual differences remained. Lockdown was associated with reductions in excess mortality risk in ethnic-minority populations, which has implications for a second wave of infection.

Gene-environment Interaction on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Ethnic Minority Populations Living in Europe and North America: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad H. Zafarmand ◽  
Parvin Tajik ◽  
René Spijker ◽  
Charles Agyemang
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
North America ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Gene Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment

Background: The body of evidence on gene-environment interaction (GEI) related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) has grown in the recent years. However, most studies on GEI have sought to explain variation within individuals of European ancestry and results among ethnic minority groups are inconclusive. Objective: To investigate any interaction between a gene and an environmental factor in relation to T2D among ethnic minority groups living in Europe and North America. Methods: We systematically searched Medline and EMBASE databases for the published literature in English up to 25th March 2019. The screening, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by reviewers independently. Results: 1068 studies identified through our search, of which nine cohorts of six studies evaluating several different GEIs were included. The mean follow-up time in the included studies ranged from 5 to 25.7 years. Most studies were relatively small scale and few provided replication data. All studies included in the review included ethnic minorities from North America (Native-Americans, African- Americans, and Aboriginal Canadian), none of the studies in Europe assessed GEI in relation to T2D incident in ethnic minorities. The only significant GEI among ethnic minorities was HNF1A rs137853240 and smoking on T2D incident among Native-Canadians (Pinteraction = 0.006). Conclusion: There is a need for more studies on GEI among ethnicities, broadening the spectrum of ethnic minority groups being investigated, performing more discovery using genome-wide approaches, larger sample sizes for these studies by collaborating efforts such as the InterConnect approach, and developing a more standardized method of reporting GEI studies are discussed.

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