Causes of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation in Zambia: Natural population increase or migration?

Urban Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 2005-2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Crankshaw ◽  
Jacqueline Borel-Saladin
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Natural Growth ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Urban Unemployment ◽  
Urban Population Growth

This article addresses the debate over the causes of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation in Zambia: Are urbanisation and counter-urbanisation caused mostly by net migration or are they caused mostly by the natural growth or decline of the urban population? Using population censuses, we apply the intercensal forward survival ratio method to measure net migration and the natural population growth of urban and rural areas in 1990, 2000 and 2010. The results show that the most important cause of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation was net migration rather than natural urban population growth or decline. Although natural urban population growth was roughly twice that of net migration, this had very little influence on urbanisation because it was matched by the natural growth of the rural population. We also address the causes of migration by examining employment trends. These results indicate that economic decline during the 1990s resulted in decreased urban employment and a dramatic rise in urban unemployment, which in turn caused migration from urban to rural areas. Conversely, during the 2000s, absolute employment grew and unemployment decreased, which corresponded with increased rural–urban migration (resulting in net urbanisation). Our findings also show that even during the period of net out-migration from urban areas and high urban unemployment levels, the resident urban-born workforce continued to grow strongly through natural increase. Thus, these results also show that urban population growth can increase substantially in the absence of urban economic growth, thereby increasing urban unemployment and urban–rural migration.

Urban Population Growth and Urbanization in China Since 1949: Reconstructing a Baseline

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 583-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam Wing Chan ◽  
Xueqiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Chinese Model ◽  
Urbanization In China ◽  
Urban Population Growth ◽  
Rural Industries

China's urbanization patterns and policies since 1949 have been the focus of a good deal of attention. The main elements of this “Chinese Model” have been the massive “rustication” movements, the recruitment of large numbers of city dwellers to work in rural areas, strict controls on rural-urban migration through food rationing and household registration, and the expansion of rural employment through the development of rural industries. While controlling urban population growth has been problematic to most governments of developing countries, it has been widely accepted that China, particularly in the Maoist era, has been successful in this sphere. The “Chinese Model”, therefore, may offer such countries great promise as an alternative approach.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN HASIL SENSUS UNTUK ESTIMASI URBANISASI

Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhadjir Darwin ◽  
Tukiran Tukiran
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Urban Population Growth

Urbanization canbedefined inmanyways: various definitions concerning it are found in population literature. Different censuses also tend to define the concept of urban differently. This inconsistency of definitionhas obstructed those who want to conduct acomparative analysis on urbanization, both cross- country and longitudinal analysis of a country. This article attempts to examine the problem by clarifying the definition of the concept and indicators of urban and urbanization and by making a longitudinal analysis of urbanization using the Indonesian 1920-1990 Cencus data. Regardless of how the concept of urban is defined in each census, this analysis has found a steady increase in urban population number. However, if the different definitions of the concept are taken into consideration, it may bring up different conclusion. Part of the reasons of the increase is a reclassification of village' status from being rural to become urban. Oneway to prove this proposition is by comparing the level of urban population growth between large cities and their surrounding regencies. This analysis clearly shows that the latter has higher population growth than the former.

Past, Present and Future Population Growth and Urban Management in Zimbabwe

2018 ◽  
pp. 1197-1214
Author(s):  
Innocent Chirisa ◽  
Aaron Maphosa ◽  
Lazarus Zanamwe ◽  
Elmond Bandauko ◽  
Liaison Mukarwi
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Management ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Urban Population Growth

The central focus of this chapter is to analyse the urban population growth–urban management nexus in Zimbabwean cities. These cities are registering rapid population growth rates, due mainly to massive rural to urban migration and natural increase. Ideally, rapid urban population growth rates should be proportionate to urban infrastructure, facilities and services. This is not in the case in Zimbabwean cities, where the development of informal settlements, rising urban poverty, dilapidated urban infrastructure and other urban developmental challenges are rampant. Drawing from Malthusian theory, the current conditions in Zimbabwean cities represents that stage where the positive and negative checks are expected. In putting together this chapter, we used archival sources such as newspapers, government reports and other secondary sources. We conclude that planning initiatives and population control measures need to be used in Zimbabwean cities to address inefficiency and urban management challenges, which may be compromising urban sustainability. This study provides evidence-based information that urban local authorities may use to formulate policies to manage urban problems.

Getting urban density to work in informal settlements in Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Visagie ◽  
Ivan Turok
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Participatory Planning ◽  
Tenure Security ◽  
Urban Density ◽  
The Core ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Urban Population Growth

The drawbacks of crowded informal settlements stand in stark contrast to the theoretical promise that urban density is the key to building more productive, sustainable and resilient cities. African cities cannot be expected to prosper while the majority of residents live in sprawling informal settlements with no prospect of improvement beyond the provision of basic services. There is a strong case for governments to embrace a broader reconstruction agenda in order to harness the potential of density for all-round progress. The core proposition of the paper is that urban population growth would be accommodated more effectively by building upwards and not merely outwards. We consider the circumstances under which this is true and how the state and communities might refashion conditions in informal settlements despite their restricted resources. To expand upwards requires participatory planning, more tenure security, settlement redesign, and in-situ investments in public services and housing.

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