Charismatic Tour-Guiding: Scale Development and Validation

2021 ◽  
pp. 004728752110395
Author(s):  
Hsiu-Yu Teng ◽  
Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Charismatic Leadership ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Tour Guiding ◽  
Signaling Process

Charismatic leadership has been conceptualized as a signaling process whereby a leader influences followers to achieve effective management. Although there have been many studies on charismatic leadership, no scale exists to measure tour leaders’ charismatic guiding. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable charismatic-guiding scale for tour leaders, from the perspectives of both tour leaders and tour members. Through a rigorous development process, the study’s 20-item, 4-dimensional tour leaders’ charismatic-guiding scale was proven to be valid and reliable. The novel scale may function as a tool for tour leaders to measure their charismatic guiding as well as for travel agencies in their assignment of tour leaders. This study applied charismatic leadership theory to tourism, furthering knowledge of charismatic guiding in tour leaders and establishing a foundation for future theoretical development.

scholarly journals Customer Inspiration: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Validation

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 116-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Böttger ◽  
Thomas Rudolph ◽  
Heiner Evanschitzky ◽  
Thilo Pfrang
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Motivational State ◽  
Marketing Practice ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
Exploration Behavior ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Development And Validation

Introducing customers to new ideas lies at the heart of marketing, yet surprisingly little is known about customers’ state of inspiration within this domain. This article reviews prior conceptualizations of general inspiration in psychology and introduces the concept of customer inspiration as a customer's temporary motivational state that facilitates the transition from the reception of a marketing-induced idea to the intrinsic pursuit of a consumption-related goal. The authors develop and validate a two-state, ten-item customer inspiration scale that consists of inspired-by and inspired-to states. The scale development process begins with item generation, followed by five studies: (1) scale purification and initial validation, (2) exploration of the nomological network, (3) tests for the experimental and predictive validity, (4) replication within a field experiment, and (5) assessments of generalizability and boundary conditions. Empirical results reveal sound psychometric properties of the scale, demonstrate its unique position in relation to established marketing constructs, and support experimental and predictive validity. Applying the scale in marketing practice offers a new way for firms to increase demand, motivate customers’ exploration behavior, and build customer loyalty.

Shopping cues: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Sohel Ahmed ◽  
Ding Hooi Ting
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Marketing Practice ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Construct Definition ◽  
Retail Managers ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Qualitative Exploration ◽  
Nomological Validity

This article provides a conceptualization that encompasses the essence of shopping cues while offering consistency with the literature on the related construct. Using the construct definition as a basis, we develop and validate a higher-order (second-order) scale for shopping cues. The scale development process begins with construct definitions and is followed by a four-phase procedure: (1) qualitative exploration of relevant dimensions and items, (2) incorporation of qualitative findings with the established literature, (3) scale development, and (4) establishment of nomological validity. Empirical results reveal that the scale has sound psychometric properties and demonstrates its unique position in relation to established shopping-cue constructs. This article advances knowledge in the emerging literature on shopping cues (through a qualitative study) and redefines and improves the shopping-cue construct (through a quantitative study). Applying the scale in retail marketing practice offers a new way for retail managers to manage cues, enhance shoppers’ experiences, and increase demand.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy Style Scale: Development and Validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shegang Zhou ◽  
Yanfei Hou ◽  
Ding Liu ◽  
Duo Xu ◽  
Xiaoyuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Reliable Criterion ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Validity Measures ◽  
Development And Validation

Psychotherapy style is conceptualized as the therapeutic method that a therapist employs while working with clients during treatment. It influences both the therapeutic process and results of therapeutic actions. The present study developed and validated the Psychotherapy Style Scale (PSS). By following a systematic psychometric development process, a three-factor structure of the PSS was identified. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence of multidimensional structure and validity of the PSS. Cronbach’s α suggested that the resulting scale was highly reliable. Criterion validity was also satisfactory, demonstrated by correlations between the scale and criterion validity measures. The PSS has the potential to help better understand therapists’ behavioral characteristics and select the most appropriate therapists for clients who undergo psychotherapy.

Death-Related Status Consumption: Scale Development and Validation

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110162
Author(s):  
Hakan Cengiz ◽  
Omer Torlak
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Status Consumption ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The U.S

Although it has been widely discussed in the literature, no scale has yet been developed to measure the consumption aspect of death. This study aims to develop a domain-specific death-related status consumption (DRSC) scale to bridge this gap in the field. Results reveal the following three dimensions of the scale: conspicuousness, planning, and showing respect. In four studies, which collate the views of 1,302 participants, both students and adults, the DRSC demonstrates internal consistency and validity across cultures (Turkey, the U.S., and culturally diverse sample). The importance of such a scale for the field is discussed.

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