Introduction to the Special Issue on Cognitive and Behavioral Flexibility in Fear and Anxiety Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-814
Author(s):  
Christina L. Boisseau ◽  
Sarah L. Garnaat
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Contemporary Theory ◽  
Neuropsychological Correlates ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Converging lines of research highlight the significance of cognitive and behavioral flexibility in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of fear and anxiety disorders. We have developed a Special Issue to highlight recent empirical investigations, contemporary theory, and novel directions for future study. It is hoped that this special issue will (a) underscore the centrality of cognitive and behavioral flexibility to fear- and anxiety-related psychopathology, (b) call attention to cognitive science approaches investigating related neuropsychological correlates, and (c) highlight novel experimental and theoretical research on germane contextual factors.

scholarly journals Fear and Anxiety in COVID-19: Preexisting Anxiety Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roz Shafran ◽  
Stanley Rachman ◽  
Maureen Whittal ◽  
Adam Radomsky ◽  
Anna Coughtrey
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

The interplay of genotype and environment in the development of fear and anxiety

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sachser ◽  
K.-P. Lesch
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Postnatal Environment ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

AbstractIndividual differences in fear, anxiety, and the etiology of anxiety disorders develop dur­ing ontogeny. They are due to both genet­ic and environmental factors. With regard to the role of the environment, the organism is most susceptible to external influences dur­ing early development. Accordingly, stressors that impinge on the maternal organism dur­ing pregnancy evoke high levels of anxiety in the offspring later in life, as does an adverse early postnatal environment. However, anxi­ety-related circuits in the central nervous sys­tem retain their plasticity in adulthood, i.e., levels of anxiety can also be modified by ex­perience across the entire successive lifespan. Notably, the effects of external stressors on the individual’s level of anxiety are modulat­ed by genotype. Such genotype-by-environ­ment interactions are particularly well stud­ied in relation to genetic variants that modu­late the function of the serotonin transport­er. Thus, this review focuses on this candidate gene to elucidate the interplay of genotype and environment in the development of fear and anxiety.

UFO: Unified Foundational Ontology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Guizzardi ◽  
Alessander Botti Benevides ◽  
Claudenir M. Fonseca ◽  
Daniele Porello ◽  
João Paulo A. Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Conceptual Modeling ◽  
Formal Ontology ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Current State ◽  
Relationship Types ◽  
Foundational Ontology

The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) was developed over the last two decades by consistently putting together theories from areas such as formal ontology in philosophy, cognitive science, linguistics, and philosophical logics. It comprises a number of micro-theories addressing fundamental conceptual modeling notions, including entity types and relationship types. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of UFO, presenting a formalization of the ontology, along with the analysis of a number of cases to illustrate the application of UFO and facilitate its comparison with other foundational ontologies in this special issue. (The cases originate from the First FOUST Workshop – the Foundational Stance, an international forum dedicated to Foundational Ontology research.)

Anxiety disorders

2015 ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Martin Brüne
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Smoke Detector ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
General Anxiety Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Perceived Danger ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Level

Anxiety disorders comprise a group of syndromes that revolve around fear or worry elicited by specific situations and objects (i.e. phobias), or occurring independently of specific triggers (general anxiety disorder). They are accompanied by autonomic nervous system activation, including sweating, tachycardia, tremor, and nausea. Avoidance of the precipitating stimulus is typical. Anxiety disorders occur in response to perceived danger or threat. Accordingly, flight or freezing may follow. At the cognitive level, anxiety disorders are associated with increased uncertainty about future threats, and at the emotional level with feelings of uncontrollability and unpredictability. Like depression, anxiety disorders are concerned with harm avoidance and defence. Fear and anxiety are among the most common evolutionarily conserved emotions. Following the analogy of the smoke detector, thresholds for fear responses are low, which may explain why so many false alarms occur. Threshold-lowering factors include impending abandonment or the perception of social threat.

scholarly journals Eccentric Computational Embodiments: Cognitive Domestication of External Entities

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Recent Computer ◽  
Morphological Computation ◽  
The One

Eco-cognitive computationalism sees computation in context, adopting the intellectual visions advanced by the cognitive science perspectives on embodied, situated, and distributed cognition. It is in this framework that we can fruitfully study the relevance in recent computer science devoted to the simplification of cognitive and motor tasks generated in organic entities by the morphological aspects. Ignorant bodies can be cognitively “domesticated” to become useful “mimetic bodies'', which originate eccentric new computational embodiments capable of rendering an involved computation simpler and more efficient. On the basis of these considerations, we will also see how the concept of computation changes, being related to historical and contextual factors, so that the “emergence'' of new kinds of computations can be epistemologically clarified, such as the one regarding morphological computation. Finally, my presentation will introduce and discuss the concept of overcomputationalism, as intertwined with the traditional concepts of pancognitivism, paniformationalism, and pancomputationalism, seeing them in a more naturalized intellectual disposition, more appropriate to the aim of bypass ontological or metaphysical overstatements.

scholarly journals Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6751
Author(s):  
Jui-Hong Chien ◽  
Luana Colloca ◽  
Anna Korzeniewska ◽  
Timothy J. Meeker ◽  
O. Joe Bienvenu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Oscillatory Eeg ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Anxiety disorders impose substantial costs upon public health and productivity in the USA and worldwide. At present, these conditions are quantified by self-report questionnaires that only apply to behaviors that are accessible to consciousness, or by the timing of responses to fear- and anxiety-related words that are indirect since they do not produce fear, e.g., Dot Probe Test and emotional Stroop. We now review the conditioned responses (CRs) to fear produced by a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus CS+) when it cues a painful laser unconditioned stimulus (US). These CRs include autonomic (Skin Conductance Response) and ratings of the CS+ unpleasantness, ability to command attention, and the recognition of the association of CS+ with US (expectancy). These CRs are directly related to fear, and some measure behaviors that are minimally accessible to consciousness e.g., economic scales. Fear-related CRs include non-phase-locked phase changes in oscillatory EEG power defined by frequency and time post-stimulus over baseline, and changes in phase-locked visual and laser evoked responses both of which include late potentials reflecting attention or expectancy, like the P300, or contingent negative variation. Increases (ERS) and decreases (ERD) in oscillatory power post-stimulus may be generalizable given their consistency across healthy subjects. ERS and ERD are related to the ratings above as well as to anxious personalities and clinical anxiety and can resolve activity over short time intervals like those for some moods and emotions. These results could be incorporated into an objective instrumented test that measures EEG and CRs of autonomic activity and psychological ratings related to conditioned fear, some of which are subliminal. As in the case of instrumented tests of vigilance, these results could be useful for the direct, objective measurement of multiple aspects of the risk, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapies for anxiety disorders and anxious personalities.

scholarly journals Eccentric Computational Embodiments: Cognitive Domestication of External Entities

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Recent Computer ◽  
Morphological Computation ◽  
The One

Eco-cognitive computationalism sees computation in context, adopting the intellectual visions advanced by the cognitive science perspectives on embodied, situated, and distributed cognition. It is in this framework that we can fruitfully study the relevance in recent computer science devoted to the simplification of cognitive and motor tasks generated in organic entities by the morphological aspects. Ignorant bodies can be cognitively “domesticated” to become useful “mimetic bodies'', which originate eccentric new computational embodiments capable of rendering an involved computation simpler and more efficient. On the basis of these considerations, we will also see how the concept of computation changes, being related to historical and contextual factors, so that the “emergence'' of new kinds of computations can be epistemologically clarified, such as the one regarding morphological computation. Finally, my presentation will introduce and discuss the concept of overcomputationalism, as intertwined with the traditional concepts of pancognitivism, paniformationalism, and pancomputationalism, seeing them in a more naturalized intellectual disposition, more appropriate to the aim of bypass ontological or metaphysical overstatements.

Selective incivility: an insidious form of discrimination in organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-260
Author(s):  
Dana Kabat-Farr ◽  
Isis H. Settles ◽  
Lilia M. Cortina
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Approaches To Studying ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
New Research

PurposeThis article serves as an introduction to four articles featured in a special issue on selective incivility in the workplace. This collection of papers addresses pressing issues around unpacking and tackling selective incivility in organizations.Design/methodology/approachThis introductory article first highlights research in this area to date, provides a summary of the papers included in this special issue and ends with intriguing themes from the papers and ways in which they advance the field.FindingsThese papers reveal contextual factors that help us better understand selective incivility: group processes, workplace gender composition, status and power and modality (in-person or online incivility).Originality/valueBy bringing together four approaches to studying selective incivility, this special issue pushes the field forward, providing empirically based insights as well as compelling new research directions.

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