The Improvement and Quantitative Assessment of B-Mode Images Produced by an Annular Array/Cone Hybrid

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Patterson ◽  
F. S. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Imaging Systems ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Scattering Medium ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Human Breast Tissue ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Annular Array

Hybrid ultrasound imaging systems, which combine spherical focusing on transmit with axicon focusing on receive, provide excellent resolution over a useful depth of field. This paper presents a new hybrid design with improved sensitivity, in which the axicon focusing is achieved by two conical mirrors and a PZT 5A disk cut into 8 sectors. We have investigated two methods of processing the signals from the 8 sectors. In the first, phase insensitive sector addition (PISA), the B-scan is formed from the sum of the 8 demodulated signals. In the second, multiplicative processing (MP), the 8 rf waveforms are multiplied and the resultant is demodulated to form the image. Both techniques result in smoothed speckle but degraded lateral resolution. As well, MP decreases the off-axis sensitivity of the system and artifacts characteristic of axicon focusing. Quantitative assessment of the effects of PISA and MP was performed using a new approach called contrast-to-speckle ratio (CSR). The CSR data, which is a measure of the image contrast of cylindrical voids in a random scattering medium relative to contrast fluctuations due to speckle, shows the superiority of PISA and MP. This conclusion is supported by images of in vitro human breast tissue.

Handling of in vitro human breast tissue samples: Protocol requirements for accurate NMR relaxation measurements

1983 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Small ◽  
Marjorie B. McSweeney ◽  
J.H. Goldstein ◽  
C.Whitaker Sewell ◽  
R.Waldo Powell
Keyword(s):  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Nmr Relaxation ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Human Breast Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Relaxation Measurements

Comparison of the in vitro conversion of estradiol-17β to estrone of normal and neoplastic human breast tissue

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 333-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunhard Pollow ◽  
Elmar Boquoi ◽  
Joachim Baumann ◽  
Manfred Schmidt-Gollwitzer ◽  
Barbara Pollow
Keyword(s):  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Human Breast Tissue ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

scholarly journals Somatostatin and Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Normal and Tumoral Human Breast Tissue: Endogenous Content, in Vitro Pulsatile Release, and Regulation

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 690-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Benlot ◽  
Laurence Lévy ◽  
Pierre Fontanaud ◽  
Annick Roche ◽  
Philippe Rouannet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Normal Breast ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Human Breast Tissue ◽  
Pulsatile Release ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Endogenous Production

Abstract Endogenous production of SRIH and GHRH was analyzed in human breast tissue. SRIH precursor (pro-SRIH) was identified after Sephadex G-50 filtration of acetic acid extracts of normal and tumoral human breast samples. SRIH-(1–14) or -(1–28) could not be detected in breast tissue, whereas the immunoreactive SRIH released in vitro was characterized as SRIH-(1–28). Endogenous production of GHRH was assessed by identification of GHRH messenger ribonucleic acid by PCR followed by sequencing of the amplified complementary DNA and by high performance liquid chromatographic characterization of immunoreactive GHRH contained in the tissue and released in vitro. There were no differences in pro-SRIH or GHRH-(1–44) tissue contents between normal and tumoral samples. The release of both peptides was evidenced in perifusion and static incubation. Perifusion of normal breast tissue (n = 3) showed pulsatile release of SRIH and GHRH. Perifusion of tumors (n = 4) showed SRIH release in 50% of the cases. SRIH release was pulsatile in one case. GHRH release was observed in the four tumoral samples analyzed, but was pulsatile in only one case. In static incubation, tumors (n = 6) secreted 13 times more GHRH than did normal samples (n = 3; 383 ± 92 vs. 29.6 ± 4.6 fmol/mg protein; P < 0.05). Stimulation of GHRH release by exogenous SRIH was observed only with the normal tissue. Together these data provide evidence for the existence of local production of SRIH and GHRH by human breast. Hypersecretion of GHRH by breast tumors indicates that this peptide could play a role in maintaining epithelial cell proliferation as is the case for other peptides produced locally.

Effects of oestrogen on gene expression in epithelium and stroma of normal human breast tissue

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 617-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
C L Wilson ◽  
A H Sims ◽  
A Howell ◽  
C J Miller ◽  
R B Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Epithelial Cell Proliferation ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Human Breast Tissue ◽  
Tissue Microenvironment ◽  
Normal Human Breast ◽  
Normal Human

Oestrogen (E) is essential for normal and cancer development in the breast, while anti-oestrogens have been shown to reduce the risk of the disease. However, little is known about the effect of E on gene expression in the normal human breast, particularly when the epithelium and stroma are intact. Previous expression profiles of the response to E have been performed on tumour cell lines, in the absence of stroma. We investigated gene expression in normal human breast tissue transplanted into 9–10-week-old female athymic nude (Balb/c nu/nu) mice. After 2 weeks, when epithelial proliferation is minimal, one-third of the mice were treated with 17β-oestradiol (E2) to give human luteal-phase levels in the mouse, which we have previously shown to induce maximal epithelial cell proliferation. RNA was isolated from treated and untreated mice, labelled and hybridized to Affymetrix HG-U133A (human) GeneChips. Gene expression levels were generated using BioConductor implementations of the RMA and MAS5 algorithms. E2 treatment was found to represent the largest source of variation in gene expression and cross-species hybridization of mouse RNA from xenograft samples was demonstrated to be negligible. Known E2-responsive genes (such as TFF1 and AREG), and genes thought to be involved in breast cancer metastasis (including mammoglobin, KRT19 and AGR2), were upregulated in response to E treatment. Genes known to be co-expressed with E receptor α in breast cancer cell lines and tumours were both upregulated (XBP-1 and GREB1) and downregulated (RARRES1 and GATA3). In addition, genes that are normally expressed in the myoepithelium and extracellular matrix that maintain the tissue microenvironment were also differentially expressed. This suggests that the response to oestrogen in normal breast is highly dependent upon epithelial–stromal/myoepithelial interactions which maintain the tissue microenvironment during epithelial cell proliferation.

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