Variations in Adolescent Conflict and Social Interaction Associated with                 Maternal Employment and Family Structure

Adolescents' relationships with parents, siblings, and friends were examined as a function of family structure and maternal employment. High school subjects responded to questionnaires indicating, for each relationship, rate and affective intensity of conflicts from the previous day, as well as amount of social interaction. There were no differences between adolescents with full-time, part-time, and nonemployed mothers in reports of conflict or social interaction. Conflict affective intensity was unrelated to household structure, as were levels of social interaction. Subjects in single mother households indicated more conflict with mothers than those in two-parent families, although levels of conflict with single mothers were equivalent to the total number of disagreements that adolescents in two-parent families experienced with both parents. Adolescents in single mother households also reported higher rates of conflict with siblings, but not friends. The results do not support views that adolescents with single or employed mothers have more contentious or distant relationships than their peers.

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Maternal Employment: Enabling Factors in Context

Work Employment and Society ◽

10.1177/0950017016677944 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 75-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Giulia M Dotti Sani ◽

Stefani Scherer

Keyword(s):

Maternal Employment ◽

Comparative Approach ◽

Full Time ◽

Welfare Regimes ◽

Enabling Factors ◽

Part Time ◽

Time Part ◽

Individual Household ◽

The Individual ◽

The Uk

Maternal employment is still below the overall EU recommended level of 60% in many European countries. Understanding the individual, household and contextual circumstances under which mothers of children of different ages are likely to be employed is crucial to develop strategies capable of increasing maternal employment. This article takes a comparative approach to investigating the characteristics associated with maternal employment in the presence of children aged 0–2, 3–5, 6–9 and 10–12 years. We model the probability of being employed full-time, part-time or being a homemaker using EU-SILC data (2004 to 2007) from Germany, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom – four countries belonging to different gender and welfare regimes. The results indicate that individual and household characteristics are more relevant in determining mothers’ employment in countries where the state is less supportive towards maternal employment: Italy and to a lesser extent Germany and the UK – for the period observed.

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Relations of Early Maternal Employment and Attachment in Introvertive and Extraverttve Adults

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.403 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 403-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meera Domingo ◽

Sharon Keppley ◽

Catherine Chambliss

Keyword(s):

Maternal Employment ◽

Employment Status ◽

Full Time ◽

Personality Styles ◽

Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽

Part Time ◽

Median Split ◽

Time Part ◽

Maternal Presence ◽

Adolescent Relationship

The present study examined attachment scores of adult children whose mothers were employed and how maternal employment varied as a function of children's personality styles. Children's extraversion was expected to moderate the effects of maternal employment on their attachment as adults. Responses of 106 undergraduates were obtained on 3 measures, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Adult Attachment Scale of Collins and Read, and the Adolescent Relationship Scales Questionnaire of Scharfe and Bartholomew. A median split was performed to divide subjects into those scoring High and Low on Extraversion. Subjects were then grouped on the basis of their mothers' employment status during the subjects' infancy (Full-time, Part-time, Nonemployed). Subjects high on Extraversion seemed to show more adverse attachment consequences in adulthood following full-time maternal employment during infancy. Adults who scored high on extraversion may have been more comfortable with continual maternal presence during infancy, while those more introverted as adults may have adapted better to the periods of separation associated with infant day care.

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Association between maternal employment status during pregnancy and risk of depressive symptomatology 1 month after childbirth: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2020-213943 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jech-2020-213943

Author(s):

Yuri Aochi ◽

Kaori Honjo ◽

Takashi Kimura ◽

Satoyo Ikehara ◽

Hiroyasu Iso

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Maternal Employment ◽

Employment Status ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Full Time ◽

Equivalent Income ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Part Time ◽

Time Part

BackgroundPrevious studies, which examined the association between employment status and postpartum depression, were limited by binary or ternary employment status measures (employed/unemployed or full-time/part-time/unemployed). This study examined the association between detailed employment status during pregnancy and risk of depressive symptomatology 1 month after childbirth, and the effect modification by one’s perceived level of social support and household equivalent income.MethodsOur study examined 76 822 participants in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. The exposure included maternal employment status during pregnancy (regular workers, dispatched workers, part-time workers, self-employed workers, non-employed and others), and the outcome was depressive symptomatology 1 month after childbirth: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS scores ≥9 and ≥13). Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of depressive symptomatology associated with employment status were calculated by multivariable logistic regression. Subgroup analyses by perceived level of social support and household equivalent income were conducted.ResultsCompared with regular workers, the risk of depressive symptomatology (EPDS score ≥9) was higher for non-employed and others, and that (EPDS score ≥13) was so for part-time workers. There was no significant interaction by perceived level of social support and household equivalent income in the associations. However, part-time workers and non-employed had excess risk of depressive symptomatology among women with lower perceived level of social support, but not among those with the higher one.ConclusionCompared with regular workers, part-time workers and non-employed had an increased risk of depressive symptomatology, which was confined to women with lower perceived level of social support.

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