Dissection of the Trigeminal Ganglion of Nonrodent Species Used in Toxicology Studies

The ganglion of the trigeminal (V cranial) nerve is generally sampled at necropsy in nonrodent toxicology studies only when somatic or autonomic peripheral nervous system toxicity is suspected. The ganglion is far more difficult to locate in nonrodents than in rats and mice, and suitable methods to dissect it have been described only for swine. The trigeminal nerve caudal to the ganglion passes through a canal, roofed by bone in dogs and rabbits and by a tough layer of dura mater in swine and nonhuman primates. The ganglion is partly or wholly obscured by overlying dura mater. Of the 3 intracranial branches of the nerve, the ophthalmic is delicate and the maxillary and mandibular have extremely short courses within the cranial cavity. Methods that are practical in routine toxicologic pathology for the dissection of the ganglion in nonrodent laboratory species are illustrated and relevant species differences in the anatomy of the intracranial part of the trigeminal nerve are highlighted.

Download Full-text

Pharmacokinetics and central nervous system toxicity of declopramide (3-chloroprocainamide) in rats and mice

Anti-Cancer Drugs ◽

10.1097/00001813-199901000-00010 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 79-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jianyi Hua ◽

Ronald W Pero ◽

Robert Kane

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽

Rats And Mice ◽

System Toxicity

Download Full-text

Supplemental Material for Species Differences in Executive Function Correlate With Hippocampus Volume and Neocortex Ratio Across Nonhuman Primates

Journal of Comparative Psychology ◽

10.1037/a0018894.supp ◽

2010 ◽

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Species Differences ◽

Hippocampus Volume

Download Full-text

Monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response: a review of the literature. Part II

Psychiatry and Psychobiology ◽

10.1017/s0767399x00002911 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 81-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I.R. De Oliveira ◽

P.A.S. Do Prado-Lima ◽

B. Samuel-Lajeunesse

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽

Routine Measurement ◽

System Toxicity

SummaryPart II of this paper contains some general considerations on tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) monitoring. Long-term assessment of TCA plasma levels is advised by the few existent studies, although each of these focusses on different aspects. Cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity is reviewed as well as pharmacokinetics and the importance of protein binding. Some consideration is also given to their use in elderly patients. The authors conclude that although available data support its usefulness in many situations, routine measurement of TCA levels is not warranted.

Download Full-text

Local Anesthetic-Induced Central Nervous System Toxicity during Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Case Series Study of Three Patients

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10051013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1013

Author(s):

Daniel Spitzer ◽

Katharina J. Wenger ◽

Vanessa Neef ◽

Iris Divé ◽

Martin A. Schaller-Paule ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Brachial Plexus ◽

Local Anesthetic ◽

Local Anesthetics ◽

Brachial Plexus Block ◽

Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽

Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block ◽

Plexus Block ◽

System Toxicity

Local anesthetics are commonly administered by nuchal infiltration to provide a temporary interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB) in a surgical setting. Although less commonly reported, local anesthetics can induce central nervous system toxicity. In this case study, we present three patients with acute central nervous system toxicity induced by local anesthetics applied during ISB with emphasis on neurological symptoms, key neuroradiological findings and functional outcome. Medical history, clinical and imaging findings, and outcome of three patients with local anesthetic-induced toxic left hemisphere syndrome during left ISB were analyzed. All patients were admitted to our neurological intensive care unit between November 2016 and September 2019. All three patients presented in poor clinical condition with impaired consciousness and left hemisphere syndrome. Electroencephalography revealed slow wave activity in the affected hemisphere of all patients. Seizure activity with progression to status epilepticus was observed in one patient. In two out of three patients, cortical FLAIR hyperintensities and restricted diffusion in the territory of the left internal carotid artery were observed in magnetic resonance imaging. Assessment of neurological severity scores revealed spontaneous partial reversibility of neurological symptoms. Local anesthetic-induced CNS toxicity during ISB can lead to severe neurological impairment and anatomically variable cerebral lesions.

Download Full-text